Respiratory and Muscle Physiology
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| show | (1) O2 into lungs and into PC; (2) goes into PV and into heart and into SA; (3) SA goes to SC and O2 exchange with tissues; (4) deoxy blood goes to SV to heart to PA; (5) CO2 out of PC into lungs and out of body
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| what constitutes internal and external respiration? | show 🗑
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| what are other functions of the respiratory system? | show 🗑
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| what is the difference between central and obstructive sleep apnea? | show 🗑
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| show | they slow release of air coming out of the chest
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| where are things more likely to be lodged in the lung? why? | show 🗑
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| show | acid burns through esophagus and smooth muscle causing food to get into lungs
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| show | (1) larynx; (2) trachea; (3) primary (lobar) bronchi; (4) secondary bronchi; (5) tertiary bronchi; (6) bronchioles; (7) terminal bronchioles; (8) resp bronchioles; (9) alveolar duct; (10) alveolar sac; (11) alveolus
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| describe the layers of the resp system | show 🗑
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| what happens in cystic fibrosis? | show 🗑
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| show | you can lose half of function in small airways and still breathe fine because of the huge cross sectional area
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| show | respiratory bronchiole, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli
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| what do Type II pneumocytes do? | show 🗑
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| what happens in emphysema? | show 🗑
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| show | normal breathing in which ventilation matches metabolic demands
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| what is hyperpnea? | show 🗑
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| show | inappropriately high ventilation for the metabolic demand; A and a PCO2 decreased, A PO2 increased
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| what is hypoventilation? | show 🗑
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| what is tachypnea? | show 🗑
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| what is dyspnea? | show 🗑
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| what is apnea? when does it usually occur? | show 🗑
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| show | alveoloar pressure and intrapleural pressure decreases; transpulmonary pressure and lung volume increase
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| show | (1) increase alveolar pressure; (2) decreased body surface pressure; (3) activate inspiratory muscles
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| with increased resistance, what happens to the intrapleural pressure when you inhale and exhale? | show 🗑
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| show | inspiratory muscles- diaphragm, external and parasternal intercostals, acessory muscles (SCM, scalenes, trapezius); expiratory muscles- abdominal muscles, internal intercostals (only during active expiration)
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| what do the "pump handle" and "bucket handle" examples have to do with respiration? | show 🗑
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| show | it is the flow moved into or out of the lungs; V.E= VT x f
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| show | V.A= (VT - VD) x f
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| show | volume of lung not involved in gas exchange
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| what is alveolar dead space? | show 🗑
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| show | (1)increase tidal volume (VA increases, VD unchanged); increase respiratory frequency (VA and VD increase); increasing tidal volume is more efficient
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| show | it decreases
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| show | Fopp= elastance(length) + resistance(velocity) + inertance(acceleration)
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| what is elastance? compliance? | show 🗑
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| show | emphysema- low elasticity and high compliance; fibrosis- high elasticity and low compliance
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| show | low volumes- steep slope, high compliance; high volumes- shallow slope, low compliance
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| show | P= 2T/r
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| show | the compliance increases
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| show | surface tension and elastic and collagen fibers of lung
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| show | asthma
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| what does a decreased FRC indicate? increased FRC? | show 🗑
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| what CANNOT be measured by a spirometer? | show 🗑
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| show | V= IR
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| what is the equation for flow? | show 🗑
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| what are the types of flows? | show 🗑
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| what happens to resistance when FRC goes to TLC? FRC to RV? | show 🗑
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| what is hypoxia? hypoxemia? hypocapnia? | show 🗑
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| what are the pressures of O2 and CO2 in atmospheric air, alveolar air, pulmonary veins, systemic arteries, cells, systemic veins, and pulmonary arteries? | show 🗑
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| what are normal values for tidal volume, frequency, minute ventilation, alveolar ventilation? | show 🗑
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| show | PO2- 95 and 40; PCO2- 40 and 46; pH- 7.4 and 7.37
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| what happens at the tissue level and lung level with CO2? | show 🗑
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| show | (1) dissolved CO2 (7%); (2) carbamino compounds (23%); (3) bicarbonate in plasma (70%)
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| what are the three ways to express amount of O2 in blood? | show 🗑
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| how do you measure O2 content in blood? ie. what's the equation | show 🗑
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| what happens at tissue and lung level with O2? | show 🗑
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| show | (1) dissolved in plasma--insignificant; (2) bound to hemoglobin in RBCs
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| how are O2 solubility and and temperature related? | show 🗑
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| how does hemoglobin work? | show 🗑
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| show | normal concentration is 15g/100ml; 1g hemoglobin binds 1.36ml O2
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| show | 60mmHg
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| show | PO2 determines it; NOT [Hb]
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| show | increased H+, CO2, temperature, and [2,3-DPG] cause a rightward shift thus giving up O2
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| what are three things that change O2 carrying capacity? | show 🗑
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| show | zone1- PA>Pa>Pv (no blood flow); zone2- Pa>PA.Pv (some blood flow); zone3- Pa>Pv>PA (alot of blood flow)
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| show | in the lower regions (zone3); at low volume, the upper lobes receive the most inspired tidal volume
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| show | ideal- V/Q=1; DS- V/Q >1 (blood vessel embolism); Shunt- V/Q<1 (obstruction in airways shunts blood away from alveolus)
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| why is diffusion of N2O perfusion limited and CO diffusion limited? | show 🗑
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| how do you calculate inspired oxygen? | show 🗑
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| show | RQ= (CO2 production)/(O2 utilization) in cell metabolism
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| show | PAO2= (PiO2 - PACO2)/R
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| show | high V/Q at top of lung, low V/Q at bottom of lung
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| show | it is uneven ventilation; give supplemental O2 and it increases PAO2 which increases saturation of O2
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| how does the body compensate for V/Q mismatch? | show 🗑
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| where is the respiratory center located? | show 🗑
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| show | stretch receptors- volume; irritant receptors- smoke; J receptors- emboli, muscle spindles; chemoreceptors (from aortic and carotid bodies)
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| show | DRG- quiet inspiration; VRG- forceful inspiration and active expiration; pneumotaxic center- influences inspiration to shut off; apneustic center- prolongs inspiration
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| what is the main respiratory pacemaker at rest? | show 🗑
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| show | central- in medulla, more sensitive to changes in PaCO2 due to low pH of CSF; peripheral- in carotid and aortic bodies, stimulated by rise in [H+] in arterial blood
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| what is the effect of increased PaCO2 on minute ventilation? | show 🗑
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| as O2 decreases, what happens to ventilation? | show 🗑
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| what happens to the oxygen sensors when there's low O2? (below 60mmHg) | show 🗑
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| what is spirometry? | show 🗑
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| what are the stages of COPD? | show 🗑
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| what is the FVC? | show 🗑
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| show | forced expiratory volume in one second
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| show | about 80% or greater
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| show | peak expiratory flow
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| show | (1) whole muscle; (2) muscle fiber; (3) myofibril; (4) sarcomere; (5) myofilaments- thin filament (actin, troponin, tropomyosin, nebulin) and thick filament (myosin, titin)
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| show | only the I-band length shortens! Everything else remains constant
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| show | (explain it)
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| what is the max velocity determined by? | show 🗑
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| show | the number of myosin crossbridges
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| show | it binds to troponin which moves the tropomyosin so that the actin binding site is exposed, allowing myosin to bind
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| show | AP occurs, transmission along T-tubules, DHPR senses Ca and tell RYR to open Ca channels, Ca diffuses to filaments and initiates contraction, Ca uptake by SR cuases relaxation
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| what is the difference between summation and tetany? | show 🗑
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| what are isometric contractions? | show 🗑
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| show | collagen (connective tissue) and titin
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| what determines active force? | show 🗑
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| what causes the plateau in the filament overlap hypothesis? | show 🗑
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| show | too long- not enough crossbridge interaction; too short- causes steric hindrance, blocks binding, and the SR doesn't work very well (reduces Ca release)
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| show | shortening at a constant load
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| show | preload determines length determines number of crossbridges determines max force
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| with preload set, what allows you to change velocity and force? | show 🗑
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| what else can change the max velocity? | show 🗑
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| show | Power = Force x Velocity
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| show | both genetic disorders with point mutation of cardiac mysoin gene; FHC- occurs in young sports players, due to enhanced power production; DCM- due to reduced power production
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| show | it connects actin to muscle membrane; without it, the membrane is fragile
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| when shortening or lengthening muscle fibers, will the sarcomere length change? why or why not? | show 🗑
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| show | smooth; skeletal(100x); smooth(300x)
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| what is the myosin structure of smooth muscle? | show 🗑
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| what happens in smooth muscle contraction? (start with AP) | show 🗑
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| show | skeletal- crossbridges and Ca ATPase pump; smooth- crossbridges, Ca ATPase pump, and phosphorylate LC
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| show | Ca ATPase pumps pump Ca back into SR or in ECF; phosphatases unphosphorylate LC
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