molec bio + cellular respiration
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| hydrogen bonding in water allows.. | show 🗑
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| show | any biological molecule that has low solubility in water and high solubility in nonpolar organic solvents; hydrophobic
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| what are the six groups of lipids? | show 🗑
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| show | building blocks of most complex lipids; long chains of carbons with carboxylic acid at one end
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| show | aka triglycerides (fats and oils) constructed from three C glycerol with having a carbon chain; STORE ENERGY AND PROVIDE THERMAL INSULATION AND PADDING
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| show | built from glycerol backbone but a SERVE AS STRUCTURAL COMPONENT OF MEMBRANES; polar phosphate replaces one of the fatty acids to create an amphipathic molecule
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| show | four ringed structures that include hormones, vitamin D, and cholesterol (also membrane component); REGULATE METABOLIC ACITIVITIES
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| show | SERVE AS LOCAL HORMONES; include prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes
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| proteins | show 🗑
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| show | humans have 10 - meaning humans cannot manufacture these 10 and must be ingested
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| show | glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, methionine, proline
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| polar R groups | show 🗑
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| acidic R groups | show 🗑
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| show | lysine, arginine, histidine
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| primary structure | show 🗑
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| show | contribute to conformation of protein
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| alpha helix | show 🗑
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| show | connecting segments of two strands of sheet can lie parallel or anti-parallel which are reinforced by hydrogen bonds between carbonyl oxygen and hydrogen on amino group
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| tertiary structure | show 🗑
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| quaternary structure | show 🗑
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| show | function as enzymes, hormones, membrane pumps and channels, membrane receptors, intercellular and intracellular transport and storage, osmotic regulators, immune response - antibodies
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| show | made of long polymers which maintain and add strength to cellular and matrix structure (collagen, microtubules)
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| show | proteins w/ carb groups attached
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| cytochromes | show 🗑
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| carbohydrates | show 🗑
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| show | 6 carbon carb, most commonly occurring, accounts for 80% of carbs absorbed by humans, exists in aqueous sol'n favoring ring form
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| alpha-glucose | show 🗑
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| show | OH group and CH3OH group are on the same side
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| show | alpha linked polymerized glucose found in all animal cells as a way to store glucose
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| show | another alpha linked glucose, comes in two forms amylose and amylopectin
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| cellulose | show 🗑
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| nucleotide | show 🗑
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| show | adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, and uracil
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| show | joins the nucelotides by creating bond between phosphate group of one nucleotide and the 3rd carbon of the pentose of the other nucelotide
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| show | two
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| show | three
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| show | adenosine triphosphate, nucleotide that acts as source of readily available engery for the cell
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| show | cyclic AMP, important component of second messenger systems
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| show | NADH and FADH2
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| minerals | show 🗑
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| show | globular protein, function as catalyst to lower energy of activation for bio rxn and increasing rate of rxn; exhibit saturation kinetics
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| show | active site of the enzyme has a specific shape like a lock that only fits a specific substrate (the key)
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| show | the shape of both the enzyme and substrate are altered upon binding which increases specificity and helps rxn to proceed; in cases with multiple substrates, the enzyme can orient substrates relative to each other to create optimal conditions for the rxn
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| saturation kinetics | show 🗑
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| factors affecting enzyme rxns | show 🗑
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| cofactor | show 🗑
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| coenzyme | show 🗑
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| cosubstrate | show 🗑
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| show | remain covalently bound to enzyme through reaction; eg: heme
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| temperature and enzymatic rxns | show 🗑
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| show | optimal pH depends on enzyme
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| types of enzyme inhibition | show 🗑
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| show | agent that binds covalently to enzymes to disrupt their function; tend to be highly toxic
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| competitive inhibitor | show 🗑
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| noncompetitive inhibitor | show 🗑
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| show | Michealis constant, substrate conc at which the rxn rate is equal to 1/2 the Vmax, good indicator of enzyme's affinity to substrate
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| show | proteolytic cleavage, reversible covalent modification, control proteins, allosteric interactions
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| show | enzymes become irreversibly active when after specific peptide bonds cleaved on its zymogen/proenzyme
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| reversible covalent modification | show 🗑
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| control proteins | show 🗑
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| show | molecules that regulate enzyme activation/inhibition by causing conformational change (eg feedback inhibition); not necessarily noncompetitive inhibitors; exhibit atypical kinetics
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| negative feedback | show 🗑
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| positive feedback | show 🗑
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| show | after the first substrate changes the shape of the enzyme, the other substrates bind more easily (like oxygen on hemoglobin)
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| categories of enzymes | show 🗑
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| show | all cellular chemical rxns consisting of anabolism (molecular synthesis) and catabolism (molecular degradation)
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| three stages of metabolism | show 🗑
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| show | energy acquiring stages of metabolism, can be anaerobic or aerobic
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| show | respiration where oxygen is not required, includes glycolysis and fermentation
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| glycolysis | show 🗑
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| show | expends two ATPs to phosphorylate the molecule
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| 3-C stage of glycolysis | show 🗑
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| show | 4 ATP + 2 pyruvate + 2 NADH
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| show | glucose + 2 ATP + 2 NAD+
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| show | glucose + 2 ATP + 2 NAD+ --> 2 pyruvate + 4 ATP + 2 NADH
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| show | (1) glucose to glucose-6-phosphate (phosphorylated glucose) - assists facilitated diffusion mech which transports glucose into the cell (2) fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate at the expense of ATP
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| substrate level phosphorylation | show 🗑
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| fermentation | show 🗑
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| show | when cell/organism either unable to use the energy from NADH and pyruvate or has no oxygen to do so
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| why does NAD+ need to be restored (in fermentation) | show 🗑
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| show | cytosol
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| show | requires oxygen, produces 36 net ATP (including glycolysis)
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| NADH brings back how many ATP | show 🗑
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| show | 2
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| show | aka citric acid cycle, takes place in mitochondrial matrix to produce 1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2 (also substrate level phosphorylation), loses two carbons as CO2, and reproduces oxaloacetic acid
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| show | coenzyme which transfers 2 carbons from pyruvate to the 4-C oxaloacetic acid to begin the Kreb's cycle
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| show | tryglyceride - glycerol converted to PGAL and fatty acids converted go acyl CoA to acetyl CoA
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| show | deaminated in liver so amino acids can be converted to pyruvic acid or acetyl CoA or other steps in the Kreb's cycle
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| electron transport chain | show 🗑
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| show | producing ATP using a proton motive force pushing protons through ATP synthase
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| show | glucose + O2 --> CO2 + H20
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