Biology 1012 Unit 3 Vocabulary -- UMSL
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| Active Transport | The movement of ions or other molecules across a cellular membrane against a concentration gradient. Energy in the form of ATP is utilized to do this work.
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| Atom | The smallest component of an element with all the properties of that element. The atoms are made up of protons, electrons, and neutrons.
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| Biosphere | The zone of the earth that includes all lifeforms.
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| Cancer | An uncontrolled growth (division), of cells with a tendency to spread within the organism.
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| Carcinoma | A cancer originiating in epithelial (covering) tissue.
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| Cell | The smallest functional and structural component of a livingin system. Cells of similar structure and function form tissues.
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| Cell Membrane | A sac-like structure surrounding the cytoplasm of a cell. It is made up of lipids and proteins. It is semipermeable to compounds and therefore helps to govern what may enter and leave the cell.
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| Cell Theory | A theory proposed by Mattias Schleiden and Theodore Schwann in 1838 and 1839. **
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| Centriole | A cytoplasmic organelle originating from the centrosome and forming a spindle pole during mitosis.
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| Chloroplast | A green plastid found in the cytoplasm of plant cells responsible for harvesting light energy in the process or photosynthesis. The green color comes from the pigment chlorophyll.
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| Cilia | Organelles located on the surface of a cell composed of a precise arrangement of microtubules. They beat forward and backward providing movement for the cell.
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| Circulatory System | The circulatory system consists of a pump - the heart, and tubes - the arteries, veins, and lymphatic vessels. The main function is to transport nutrients to all portions of the body and remove the metabolic waste.
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| Community | A group of organisms genetically distinct requiring similar ecological conditions for proper growth.
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| Cytokinesis | The division of cytoplasm during cell division
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| Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) | A helical shaped macromolecule that bears genetic information. **
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| Digestive System | The group of organs and their tissues involved directly in the breakdown of food macromolecules into simple sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids plus facilities for their absorption.
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| Endoplasmic Reticulum | A cytoplasmic organelle made up of a system of tubes and sacs providing the site for protein synthesis. **
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| Excretory System | The collection of organs, tissues, and cells responsible for getting rid of waste products.
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| Flagella | A long, thin appendage composed of microtubules extending from the body of some plant and animal cells. There may be more than 1 per organism. It provides locomotion for the organism.
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| Function | The ability of a structure or object to accomplish a specified process or routine.
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| Golgi apparatus | A cytoplasmic organelle that is found in close proximity to the endoplasmic reticulum. It is a series of granules and vesicles displaying a stacked appearance. The probable function is storage of proteins synthesized on the endoplasmic reitculum.
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| Hypertonic | A solution containing a lower concentration of water than one to which it is being compared. A cell placed in a hypertonic solution would shrink due to water leaving the cell.
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| Hypotonic | A solution containing a higher concentration of water than one to which it is being compared. A cell placed in a hypotonic solution would become distended and perhaps break.
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| Isotonic | A solution that has a concentration of water that is the same as the system to which it is compared.
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| Leukemia | Cancer of the blood-forming organs. It is characterized by excessive formation of white blood cells.
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| Lymphoma | Malignant grwoths of lymph nodes
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| Lysosome | An organelle containing digestive enzymes.
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| Meiosis | A nuclear division for the production of gametes by which the chromosome number is reduced in the resulting sex cells.
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| Metric System | A measuring system whose subdivisions are based on multiples of 10. The basic units of mass and length are the gram and meter.
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| Metastasis | The spread of disease from one part of the body to another by direct extension or movement through the blood or lymphatic system.
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| Mitochondria | A cytoplasmic organelle containing a specialized cell membrane, DNA and RNA. It is responsible for cellular respiration by oxidizing molecules and producing ATP. It is often referred to as the "powerhouse" of the cell.
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| Mitosis | A nuclear division in which the chromosome complement is completely duplicated and each resulting cell has the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
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| Molecule | Chemically-United atoms that possess distinct properties.
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| Muscle | An organ made up of cells that can contract. This contraction causes the muscles to move and therefore structures attached to it.
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| Nervous System | The System consists of the brain, brain stem, spinal cord, cranial and peripheral nerves. These structures are made of variations of the nerve cell and neuron.
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| Nucleolus | A round structure located in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. It is involved in the synthesis of ribosomal RNA and ribosome formation.
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| Nucleus | An organelle found in the cytoplasm of cell that is associated with control functions of the cell. Prokaryotic organisms have a nucleus that is not membrane bound wheras eukaryotic cells have a membrane-bound nucleus. The nucleus contains the DNA.
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| Organ | A structure composed of a mass of specialized tissue. This structure has a specific role in maintaining life in the organism.
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| Organelle | Specialized membrane-bound structures found within the cytoplasm of the cell. They provide life-sustaining functions for the cell.
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| Organism | An entity possessing the eight characteristics of life, therefore able to perform all of the life sustaining functions.
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| Osmosis | The movement of water through a semipermeable membrane when a concentration gradient exists. The water will move from the diluted solution (where it is in highest concentration) to the concentrated solution (where it is in lowest concentration)
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| Plastid | An organelle found within the cytoplasm of plants that contain either pigment or storage compounds.
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| Population | Organisms of the same species occupying the same geographic area.
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| Reproductive System | Those organs of the body directly involved with production of sex cells, fertilization, growth of fetus and birth.
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| Respiratory System | Those specialized structures and organs involved with the gaseous exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen.
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| Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) | A long chain of nucleic acid with a ribose (sugar) phosphate backbone. The purine and pyrimidine bases are adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil. It transfers the gentic information to the sites of protein synthesis.
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| Ribosome | A small complex made up of proteins and ribonucleic acids. It is the site of protein synthesis.
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| Sarcoma | A tumor of connective tissue such as cartilage, muscle, or bone.
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| Skeletal System | The bones and cartilage of the body that provides an attachment for the muscles and function in locomotion and protection.
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| Structure | The form of an object or morphology of an organism.
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| Tissue | A complex network of cells all similar in morphology and function.
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| Vacuole | A hollow sac-like organelle found in cytoplasm of cells. They may be involved in digestion, storage, excretion or secretion.
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