Key terms in Chapter 9 of text by HJ Blij/Alexander Murphy
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| sound shifts | analysis in which the diversification of language has long been charted through.
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| deep reconstruction | The notion to recreate the language that preceded another particular language.
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| William Jones | discovered the vocabulary and grammatical forms of the Sanskrit language bore a resemblance to ancient Greek and Latin.
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| Jacob Grimm | suggested that sound shifts might prove the relationships between languages in a scientific manner.
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| (Proto) Indo-European | a closely related group of languages
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| August Schleicher | German linguist that was the first scholar to compare the world language families to the branches of a tree.
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| Language Divergence | the differentiation of language over time and space.
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| language convergence | the similarities of languages regardless of time and space
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| language replacement | When languages of "lesser" peoples has been replaced, or greatly modified, by the languages of the invaders.
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| Conquest Theory | The Proto-Indo-European language family was spread through the conquest of neighboring states, and as they were conquered they adopted the conquering state's language.
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| Agriculture Theory | The spread of agriculture diffused the Proto-Indo-European language through Europe; proposed by Luca Cavilla-Sforza and Robert Ammerman
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| Vladislav Illich-Syilych and Aharan Dolgopolsky | Individually attempted to reconstruct the language that was ancestral to Proto-Indo-European language.
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| Nostratic | Named by Vladislav Illich-Syilych and Aharan Dolgopolsky as the ancestral language to Proto-Indo-European.
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| Austroresian | arose from the Austro-Tai language family.
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| Malayo-Polynesian | A dialect of Austroresian and became a forerunner of a large number of language
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| Fijian | A discrete Malayo-Polynesian offshoot.
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| Polynesian | Derivative of Malayo-Polynesian and is spoken by the Maori people of New Zealand
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| The Greenberg Hypothesis | Proposed by Joseph Greenberg that there are three families of indigenous American languages and each correspond to migration flows into the Western Hemisphere.
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