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Outer, Middle and Inner Ear Structures, Cochlear Mechanics, Transduction

Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in each of the black spaces below before clicking on it to display the answer.
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Question
Answer
Skin cells migrate from the tympanic membrane the the ___ ___ ___.   show
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what is the resonant frequency of the ear canal?   show
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show 5,000 Hz  
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show 2,500 Hz  
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The ear drum is also known as the   show
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show tympanum  
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Name the three ossicles:   show
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The outer thickened area of the TM is called the ______, which fits into a groove in the bone, the tympanic ________.   show
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Name the three layers of the TM:   show
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The main part of the TM, that makes up the tense portion, is called   show
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Schrapnell's membrane, which doesn't have as many fibers and is less tense is called   show
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show Pars Flaccida  
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What is the first bone in the chain of ossicles?   show
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show manubrium, umbo (umbrella)  
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show ME Cavity  
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Above head of malleus and most incus is called _______ _______.   show
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show tympanic aditus  
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Inside this bump, ________ _______, is very porous bone and these are called mastoid air cells. If they get infected this might lead to a chronic disease.   show
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show Eustachian tube  
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show tegmen tympani  
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What is the name of the bump on the medial wall?   show
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Above the Promontory is a hole that connects to the inner ear, which is called the ____ ______.   show
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show round window  
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show pyramidal eminence.  
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A branch of the VII cranial facial nerve, which runs just behind manubrium of malleus is called the ______ ________. It carries taste from front of tongue (anterior 2/3 taste sensation) to brain and also has nerves that innervate the salivary glands.   show
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Chorda tympani has _____ and _________ neurons   show
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show afferent  
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show efferent  
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show Eustachian tube  
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Eustachian tube has two parts:   show
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which part is mainly opened by the tensor palatini (forms part of soft palate) and connects to sphenoid bone and hooks at pterygoid hamulus?   show
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show opens  
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TM moves best when pressure of ME and OE is   show
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Describe PEC > PME   show
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show Pressure is positive inside the ME cavity compared to the external air pressure. (Ex: plane flight going up)  
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show incus  
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show malleus  
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what are the two middle ear muscles, which are both pennate muscles?   show
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show "feather" like  
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When the stapedius muscle contracts it stiffens the ossicular chain therefore acoustic air doesn't travel through as readily, this is called the _____ _________.   show
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show tensor tympanic muscle  
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show energy  
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area with relatively low impedance   show
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show cochlear fluids  
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show air and water, 99.9%  
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In the Area ratio hypothesis, if you reduce area, pressure   show
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show force  
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show Lever Hypothesis  
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show Inner Ear  
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Houses the utricle and saccule   show
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show Cochlea  
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show semi-circular canal(s)  
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show Cochlea  
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show perilymph, endolymph  
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Perilymph is low in _____ and high in ______   show
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show Na+, K+  
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The middle part of the Cochlea is called the   show
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show 1) Scala vestibuli 2) Scala meida (cochlear duct) 3) Scala tympani  
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Which one(s) are filled with perilymph?   show
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show Scala media  
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show Helicotrema  
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show Reissner's Membrane  
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show Basilar membrane  
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The Organ of Corti sits on top of Basilar membrane and has holes that are called ______ ________. These lead from spiral lamina into scala media   show
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Outer hair cells sit in cup shape indentation of _____ cells.   show
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show osseous spiral lamina  
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show action potential  
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cochlear neuron is 1 axon and 1 dendrite, which is   show
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show myelin  
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show myelinated  
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cochlear nerve (cochlear branch of the VIII) and Vestibular nerve together create the ______   show
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entire inner ear is filled with   show
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malleus articulates w/incus>incus w/stapes, when ossicular chain vibrates>ossicles vibrate when oval window is pushed inward by ____ footplate, the _____ window bulges outward. Reissner's & Basilar's membrane are pushed down in scala ______ when pushed in   show
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show cochlear mechanics (hydromechanics b/c fluid system)  
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process of fluid being moved in inner ear   show
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What is another name for the scala media?   show
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Bekesy discovered that the tension along Basilar membrane is held more ____ in base than apex. So it is more ____ in apex   show
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When the stapes pushes down on Basilar membrane (cochlear partition) the compressional wave moving from the base > apex because of tension characteristics of Basilar membrane is a movement called the   show
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For high frequencies/pitch sounds, the greatest displacement is towards the ____ of the cochlea.   show
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show apex  
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show hydromechanics filtering  
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frequency is organized according to   show
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What causes a traveling wave? ______ and _______   show
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show The whole membrane would move downward as a unit and go back to original position when stapes moves outward basilar membrane moves up.  
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show displaced  
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the dotted line for a traveling wave that is plotted for the maximum displacement of a tone is called the   show
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show maximum  
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For low frequency sounds the maximum displacement is at the ___ of the basilar membrane   show
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For high frequency sounds the maximum displacement is at the ____ of the basilar membrane.   show
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show reticular lamina  
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Inner and outer hair cells are bathed in   show
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show endolymph  
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The highly vascularized tissue that plays an extremely important role in function of cochlea. Inside it are iron pumps that maintain ion concentration of K+ and Na+ in Scala media.   show
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show Stria vascularis  
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show +80mV  
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Inside hair cell charge of -____mV   show
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When cilia bend towards outer wall of cochlea, causes K+ ion channels to ____ and K+ moves _____ hair cell, depolarizing hair cell. Charge moves from -40mV to zero. This results in release of ___ into cell which leads to discharge of neuron.   show
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When cilia go back to original position ___ channels close.   show
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Depolarization causes influx of ____, which causes opening of ___ channels.   show
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show depolarize, open, base, open, leaves the cell and cell then becomes repolarized (resting potential)  
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show Tip links  
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show side links  
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show cochlear partition  
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show electrical  
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When basilar membrane vibrates, hair cell ________ are sheared or bent by the tectorial membrane.   show
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Ion channels are located in the ____ of hair cells   show
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show ion channels  
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show trap door.  
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When the tallest row of cilia are bent in one direction, the "trap doors" in cilia in the next (shorter) row are ____, allowing K+ ions to flow through the cilia into the hair cell. The system is called "____ _____" mechanism.   show
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show active, mechanical  
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This energy from the cochlea is added by the outer hair cells changing their _____. That is, when an area of the basilar membrane vibrates, contraction and elongation of outer hair cells add a boost of _____ energy.   show
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show amplitude  
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This results in an increase in selective stimulation of ____ hair cells of that area. Hallowell Davis coined the term "_____ ______" to describe this mechanism.   show
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Vibration of the TM results in sound being radiated into the ear canal this sound is called   show
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show acoustic energy  
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show Transient Evoked OAEs  
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sounds that occur in the ear canal without acoustic stimulation. These sounds originate in the cochlea and are present even when an external stimulus is not being presented to the ear.   show
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The cochlear nerve courses from the modiolus of the cochlea through the _____ ____ ____   show
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show vestibular and cochlear  
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show cerebellopontine angle.  
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All of the axons _____ neurons in the cochlear nucleus that is located in the ______ ______ of the brainstem   show
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show auditory pathway  
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This pathway consists of a series of nuclei or groups of ______ ______, and fiber tracts, or groups of _____.   show
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show trapezoid body  
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show contralateral  
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The SOC is the ___ major center on the pathway, and is the first level at which there is bilateral input of auditory ______.   show
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The SOC is known to be involved in the _______ of sound.   show
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show inferior colliculus and medial geniculate body (MGB)  
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Nerve fibers course from the MGB along a pathway called the _________ _________ to the auditory _______.   show
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