Chapter 1 Tortora, Funke & Case 10th Edition
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| Define microbes/microorganisms | A living organism too small to be seen with the naked eye.
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| Types of microbes (smallest to largest) | Viruses, bacteria, archaea, algae, fungi, protozoa, helminths (early stages)
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| Marine and freshwater microorganisms function to... | form the basis of the food chain in oceans, lakes, and rivers
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| Soil microbes function to.... | break down wastes and incorporate nitrogen gas from the air into organic compounds, thereby recycling chemical elements between the soil, water, life, and air.
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| What is photosynthesis? | a food and oxygen-generating process that is critical to life on Earth.
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| Humans and many other animals depend on microbes for... | digestion in the intestines and for synthesis of some vitamins like vitamin B for metabolism and vitamin K for blood clotting.
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| Medical commercial application of microorganisms.. | vitamins, organic acids, enzymes, alcohols, and many drugs.
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| Military application of microorganisms in WWI... | acetone helped to make cordite (a smokeless form of gunpowder) which played a significant role in determining the outcome of WWI)
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| Food industry applications of microorganisms.... | producing vinegar, sauerkraut, pickles, alcoholic beverages, green olives, soy sauce, buttermilk, cheese, yogurt, and bread.
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| Pathogenic | disease-producing
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| Genus (plural: genera) | the first name used in scientific nomenclature assigned to each organism. It is always capitalized.
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| Specific epithet (species) | the second name used in scientific nomenclature assigned to each organism. It is not capitalized.
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| Staphlo- | describes the clustered arrangement of the cells
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| coccus | indicates shape spherical or ovoid
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| aureus | Latin for golden, the color of many colonies of this bacterium.
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| Escherichia coli is named after | Honors Theodor Escherich whom discovered this bacteria. The specific epithet, coli, reminds us that E. coli live in the colon, or large intestines.
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| Bacteria (singular: bacterium) | relatively simple, single-celled (unicellular) organisms. Cell wall contains a protein-carbohydrate complex called peptidoglycan; their genetic material is not enclosed in a special nuclear membrane.
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| Prokaryotes | Greek for prenucleus. Include both bacteria and archaea
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| Flagella | appendages that allow many bacteria to "swim"
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| Archaea | Consist of prokaryotic cells, if they have cell walls, the walls lack peptidoglycan; found in extreme environments. Consist of Methanogens, Halophiles, and Thermophiles
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| Methanogens | one of three archaea that live in extreme environments; they produce methane as a waste product from respiration. Not known to cause disease in humans.
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| Extreme halophiles halo = salt; philic = loving | one of three archaea that live in extreme salty environments such as the Great Salt Lake and the Dead Sea. Not known to cause disease in humans.
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| Extreme thermophiles therm = heat | one of three archaea that live in extreme hot sulfurous water, such as hot springs at Yellowstone National Park. Not known to cause disease in humans.
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| Fungi (singular: fungus) | eukaryotic (contain distinct nucleus containing DNA), surrounded by nuclear membrane. May be unicellular or multicellular. Cell walls are composed primarily of chitin; can reproduce sexually or asexually.
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| Protozoa | unicellular eukaryotic microbes; reproduce sexually or asexually
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| Algae (singular: alga) | photosynthetic eukaryotes with a wide variety of shapes and both sexual and asexual reproductive forms.
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| Viruses | smallest form of microbes; most can only be seen with an electron microscope; they are acellular; can only reproduce by using the cellular machinery of other organisms. Thus they are considered living when they multiply within the cells they infect.
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| Helminths | parasitic worms (flatworms and roundworms); during some stage in their life cycle, they are microscopic in size.
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| Cell theory | all living things are composed of cells
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| Spontaneous generation | a belief that some forms of life could arise spontaneously from nonliving matter
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| Francesco Redi set out to disprove what | spontaneous generation; using a controlled experiment.
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| Biogenesis | the claim that living cells can arise only from preexisting living cells
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| Aseptic techniques | technique that prevents contamination by unwanted microorganisms
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| Fermentation | microorganisms called yeasts convert sugars to alcohol in the absence of air; discovered by Pasteur
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| Pasteurization | the process of heating solution enough to kill most of the bacteria that causes spoilage and disease
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| Germ theory of disease | the theory that microorganisms might cause disease
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| Koch’s postulates | "set of rules"; which organisms cause which diseases
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| Immunity | protection from disease provided by vaccination or previous infection
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| Chemotherapy | the treatment of disease by using chemical substances
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| Antibiotics | chemicals produced naturally by bacteria and fungi to act against other microorganisms
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| Synthetic drugs | chemotherapeutic agents prepared from chemicals in the laboratory
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| Bacteriology | the study of bacteria; includes Gram Positive (Staph, Strep, Bacillus,) Gram neg (E.coli, Salmonella,) Mycobacteria (TB and leprosy,) Spirochetes (Syphilis, Lyme disease,) and others (Rickettsia, Chlamydia, Mycoplasma)
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| Mycology | the study of fungi; includes the study of Fungi, Yeast (single cell), and Multi-cellular (mushrooms and molds.) Used in medicine, agricultural, and ecological branches.
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| Parasitology | the study of protozoa and parasitic worms; Protozoans (Amoebas, Ciliates, and Flageliates) and Helminths (flatworms and roundworms.)
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| Virology | the study of viruses; Includes Acellular, DNA Viruses (Herpes, Pox viruses,) RNA Viruses (Polio, rabies, influenza,) and Prions (Mad Cow disease)
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| Genomics | the study of all of an organism’s genes
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| Immunology | the study of immunity; Humoral (antibodies) and Cellular (Cytotoxic and killer cells)
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| Recombinant DNA | a form of artificial DNA that is created by combining sequences that would not normally occur together through the process of gene splicing; it can be used to mass produce desired proteins.
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| Microbial genetics | studies the mechanisms by which microorganisms inherit traits
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| Microbial biology | studies how genetic information is carried in molecules of DNA and how DNA directs the synthesis of proteins
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| Bioremediation | the process of using microbes to clean up pollutants and toxic wastes produced by various industrial processes.
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| Biotechnology | the practical application of using microorganisms commercial to produce common foods and chemicals
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| Gene therapy | inserting a missing gene or replacing a defective one in human cells
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| Normal microbiota | normal flora, cause no harm and in some cases can be beneficial
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| What does EID stand for? | emerging infectious diseases; examples include: bird flu ('05), monkeypox ('03), SARS ('03), West Nile Fever ('01), Mad Cow Disease('96, Ebola (95),...HIV-AIDS ('78-'79)
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| Obtaining a pure culture of organism is the first step of which process | Koch's postulates
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| Agar | a gelatinous substance derived from a polysaccharide that accumulates in the cell walls of agarophyte red algae
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| Chitin | a polysaccharide found in the outer skeleton of insects, crabs, shrimps, and lobsters
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| Define transformation | the process in which genes are transferred from one bacterium to another as "naked" DNA solution.
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| What are Biofilms | aggregated bacteria adhering to each other and to a solid surface
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| 5 Disciplines of Microbiology | 1. Virology 2. Bacteriology 3. Mycology 4.Parisitology and 5. Immunology
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| Prions are | Infectious agent consisting of a self-replicating protein; an "infectious protein"
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