Unit 6 Mr. Wilbur/Barbis: Chapter 23--RB 8
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| Latent heat | Heat energy that is absorbed by a substance during a phase change
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| Evaporation | Phase change where liquid water evaporates, water absorbs energy from environment
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| Condensation | Phase change where water vapor changes back into liquid water through condensation; energy released to surrounding air; molecules move slowly and are closer together
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| Transpiration | Process where living plants release water vapor into atmosphere
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| Humidity | Water vapor in atmosphere
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| Humidity measured | thin polymer film; psychometer; dew cell; hair hygrometer
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| Thin polymer film | Measures film’s ability to store electricity
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| Psychrometer | Using 2 thermometers (dry/wet); whirled together in air; take temperatures of each and subtract; Calculates RELATIVE HUMIDITY
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| Dew cell | Ceramic cylinders w/ electrodes attached; treated w/ lithium chloride LiCl; water from air absorbed by LiCl increases dew cell’s ability to conduct electricity by detecting electrical resistance of LiCl as heated and cooled; dew cell determines DEW POINT
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| When air cooled below dew point | Liquid water droplets form
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| How a cloud forms | water molecules collect on condensation nuclei; droplets form; for cloud to form—rate of evaporation = rate of condensation (equilibrium); temps of saturated air drops and condensation happens faster than evaporation
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| Adiabatic cooling | Process by which temperature of an air mass decreases as air mass rises and expands
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| Adiabatic lapse rate | Rate at which temperature of a parcel of air changes as air rises or sinks
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| Cloud | Collection of small water droplets and ice crystals suspended in air
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| Condensation nucleus | Solid particle in atmosphere that provides surface for water vapor to condense
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| Precipitation | Any form of water that falls to Earth’s surface from the clouds
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| Fog | Water vapor that has condensed very near the surface of Earth cool ground
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| Rain | Liquid precipitation
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| Drizzle | Smaller raindrops 0.5 mm
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| Snow | Most common form of solid precipitation; small pellets , ice crystals or combined snowflakes
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| Sleet | Rain falls through layer of freezing air near ground as clear ice pellets
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| Glaze ice | Rain that does not freeze until it strikes a surface near ground
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| Hail | Solid precipitation in form of lumps of ice forms in cumulonimbus clouds
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| Causes of precipitation | Most clouds: droplets start at 20 mm (smaller than . at end of sentence);Increases by about 100 times to fall as precipitation;2 natural processes cause cloud droplets to grow large enough to fall Coalescence & super cooling
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| Coalescence | Small droplets combine & form droplets
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| Super cooling | Vapor to solid; freezing nuclei; they don’t freeze because there aren’t particles to condense on
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| Rain gauge | Funnel into a container used to measure rainfall
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| Measuring stick | Used to measure snow fall
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| Melting snow in container | Used to measure water content in snow; 10 cm snow = 1 cm water
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| Doppler Radar | Measures intensity of precipitation; works by bouncing radio waves off snow or rain; by timing how long it takes wave lengths to return, meteorologist can detect location, direction of movement, & intensity of precipitation
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| Cloud seeding | Method of weather modification introducing freezing nuclei (condensation nuclei) like silver oxide/dry ice causes cloud to form
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| Condensation level | Altitude at which net condensation begins
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| Mixing | Some clouds form when one body of moist air mixes with another body of moist air that has a different temperature; temperature changes cause air to cool below dew point
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| Lifting | Rising air expands & cools; clouds form; forced upward movement of air commonly results in cooling of air & cloud formation. Air forced upward; moving mass of air meets mountain range as air cools & expands; cloud forms
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| Classification of clouds | By shape & altitude: Stratus; Cumulus; Cirrus
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| Cumulus | Low level, billowy cloud; resembles cotton balls; “piled” or “heaped”; warm moist air rises and cools
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| Cirrus | Feathery, composed of ice crystals; highest altitude
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| Stratus | Gray cloud; flat, uniform base; very low altitudes
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| Nimbo/nimbus | Rain; variation of stratus clouds
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| Altitudes of clouds | Low: 0-2000 meters; Middle: 2000-6000 meters; High: above 6000 meters;
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| Nimbostratus | Cause heavy precipitation
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| Alto stratus | Middle altitude; thinner than low stratus; very little precipitation
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| Cumulonimbus | High, dark storm clouds; rain, thunder & lightning
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| Alto nimbus | Middle clouds
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| Cirro | “curly”
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| Cirronimbus | High altitude; billowy; just before snowfall
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| Fog | Water vapor that has condensed near surface
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| Radiation fog | Layer of air in contact with ground; chilled below dew point
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| Advection fog | Warm, moist air moves across cold surface
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| Upslope fog | Lifting & cooling air as rises along land slopes
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| Steam fog | Shallow layer of fog that forms when cool air moves over an inland warm body of water such as a river
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