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CM Earth Science 6-2
Unit 6 Mr. Wilbur/Barbis: Chapter 23--RB 8
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Latent heat | Heat energy that is absorbed by a substance during a phase change |
| Evaporation | Phase change where liquid water evaporates, water absorbs energy from environment |
| Condensation | Phase change where water vapor changes back into liquid water through condensation; energy released to surrounding air; molecules move slowly and are closer together |
| Transpiration | Process where living plants release water vapor into atmosphere |
| Humidity | Water vapor in atmosphere |
| Humidity measured | thin polymer film; psychometer; dew cell; hair hygrometer |
| Thin polymer film | Measures film’s ability to store electricity |
| Psychrometer | Using 2 thermometers (dry/wet); whirled together in air; take temperatures of each and subtract; Calculates RELATIVE HUMIDITY |
| Dew cell | Ceramic cylinders w/ electrodes attached; treated w/ lithium chloride LiCl; water from air absorbed by LiCl increases dew cell’s ability to conduct electricity by detecting electrical resistance of LiCl as heated and cooled; dew cell determines DEW POINT |
| When air cooled below dew point | Liquid water droplets form |
| How a cloud forms | water molecules collect on condensation nuclei; droplets form; for cloud to form—rate of evaporation = rate of condensation (equilibrium); temps of saturated air drops and condensation happens faster than evaporation |
| Adiabatic cooling | Process by which temperature of an air mass decreases as air mass rises and expands |
| Adiabatic lapse rate | Rate at which temperature of a parcel of air changes as air rises or sinks |
| Cloud | Collection of small water droplets and ice crystals suspended in air |
| Condensation nucleus | Solid particle in atmosphere that provides surface for water vapor to condense |
| Precipitation | Any form of water that falls to Earth’s surface from the clouds |
| Fog | Water vapor that has condensed very near the surface of Earth cool ground |
| Rain | Liquid precipitation |
| Drizzle | Smaller raindrops 0.5 mm |
| Snow | Most common form of solid precipitation; small pellets , ice crystals or combined snowflakes |
| Sleet | Rain falls through layer of freezing air near ground as clear ice pellets |
| Glaze ice | Rain that does not freeze until it strikes a surface near ground |
| Hail | Solid precipitation in form of lumps of ice forms in cumulonimbus clouds |
| Causes of precipitation | Most clouds: droplets start at 20 mm (smaller than . at end of sentence);Increases by about 100 times to fall as precipitation;2 natural processes cause cloud droplets to grow large enough to fall Coalescence & super cooling |
| Coalescence | Small droplets combine & form droplets |
| Super cooling | Vapor to solid; freezing nuclei; they don’t freeze because there aren’t particles to condense on |
| Rain gauge | Funnel into a container used to measure rainfall |
| Measuring stick | Used to measure snow fall |
| Melting snow in container | Used to measure water content in snow; 10 cm snow = 1 cm water |
| Doppler Radar | Measures intensity of precipitation; works by bouncing radio waves off snow or rain; by timing how long it takes wave lengths to return, meteorologist can detect location, direction of movement, & intensity of precipitation |
| Cloud seeding | Method of weather modification introducing freezing nuclei (condensation nuclei) like silver oxide/dry ice causes cloud to form |
| Condensation level | Altitude at which net condensation begins |
| Mixing | Some clouds form when one body of moist air mixes with another body of moist air that has a different temperature; temperature changes cause air to cool below dew point |
| Lifting | Rising air expands & cools; clouds form; forced upward movement of air commonly results in cooling of air & cloud formation. Air forced upward; moving mass of air meets mountain range as air cools & expands; cloud forms |
| Classification of clouds | By shape & altitude: Stratus; Cumulus; Cirrus |
| Cumulus | Low level, billowy cloud; resembles cotton balls; “piled” or “heaped”; warm moist air rises and cools |
| Cirrus | Feathery, composed of ice crystals; highest altitude |
| Stratus | Gray cloud; flat, uniform base; very low altitudes |
| Nimbo/nimbus | Rain; variation of stratus clouds |
| Altitudes of clouds | Low: 0-2000 meters; Middle: 2000-6000 meters; High: above 6000 meters; |
| Nimbostratus | Cause heavy precipitation |
| Alto stratus | Middle altitude; thinner than low stratus; very little precipitation |
| Cumulonimbus | High, dark storm clouds; rain, thunder & lightning |
| Alto nimbus | Middle clouds |
| Cirro | “curly” |
| Cirronimbus | High altitude; billowy; just before snowfall |
| Fog | Water vapor that has condensed near surface |
| Radiation fog | Layer of air in contact with ground; chilled below dew point |
| Advection fog | Warm, moist air moves across cold surface |
| Upslope fog | Lifting & cooling air as rises along land slopes |
| Steam fog | Shallow layer of fog that forms when cool air moves over an inland warm body of water such as a river |
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