A & P Hopkins Lecture Exam 3 Final
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| show | 206 that are counted
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| show | Long, short, flat, irregular and sesamoid
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| show | extremities e.g. forearm and thigh and phalanges
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| Where do you typically find short bones? | show 🗑
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| Where do you typically find flat bones? | show 🗑
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| show | they have a variety of shapes and are found in the vertebrae and many facial bones e.g. sphenoid
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| show | they are also called round bones and are usually small and embedded in tendons adjacent to joints. The knee cap (patella) is counted the sesamoid bones of the thumb and big toe are not counted. Job is to keep temdons in the groove.
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| What do you call the ends of long bones? | show 🗑
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| What do you call the shaft of long bones? | show 🗑
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| show | Compact bone (thin over epiphysis, thick over diaphysis)
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| show | Spongy bone a.k.a. cancellous bone (mostly in epiphysis but there is a thin layer before medullary cavity in diaphysis)
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| What do you call the point where two bones meet? | show 🗑
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| What is the articular surface made of? | show 🗑
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| show | periosteum it is tough and vascular, firmly attached to bone as well as ligaments and tendons. Helps in bone repair.
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| show | endosteum (a thin membrane containing bone forming cells)The endosteum is filled with marrow. Lines central canal and medullary cavity.
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| What is the name of the hollow space inside long bones that contains bone marrow? | show 🗑
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| show | RED
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| show | FAT that replaced red marrow that is no longer needed.
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| show | compact bone
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| show | spongy bone a.k.a. cancellous bone
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| show | YES - compact bone has living cells within the bone matric and it is very vascular.
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| What is the basic unit of compact bone? | show 🗑
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| show | processes
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| show | trabeculae "interconnecting rods". irregular branching contributes to the bone's strength and is more highly developed in epiphysis due to compressive forces. Adds strength w/out adding weight(trabeculae have lacunae and canaliculi but no central canals.)
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| What are bone cells called? | show 🗑
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| show | In lacunae (tiny, bony chambers within bone matrix)
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| show | In concentric circles around central canals aka Haversian canals
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| show | They have cellular processes that pass through canaliculi.
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| What is the extracellular matrix of bone tissue made up of? | show 🗑
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| What is inside the central canal? | show 🗑
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| What do you call the larger canals running transverse/horizontal that connect the blood supply to the central canals? | show 🗑
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| show | NO. Spongy bone doesn't need blood vessels like compact bone does. Spongy bone's access to blood supply is good.
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| show | NO. They are always remodeling and using energy to maintain themselves. They respond to current stresses on the bones.
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| show | small canals connecting the lacunae. The canaliculi will continue to grow until it meets up with another cell/osteocyte
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| What type of bone is located where stresses are limited in direction? | show 🗑
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| show | spongy bone (need strength in more directions around joints than in the middle of long bones)
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| Are solid structures or hollow cylinders stronger? | show 🗑
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| Why is the femur wider at the distal epiphysis/knee joint? | show 🗑
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| show | bone formation
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| show | The broad, flat bones of the skull (not mandible)(They grow between sheets of connective tissue)
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| What is the name of the process that replaces connective tissue to form an intramembranous bone? | show 🗑
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| What are endochondrial bones? | show 🗑
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| What is endochondrial ossification? | show 🗑
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| What is the primary ossification center in an endochondrial bone? | show 🗑
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| show | The epiphyses
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| show | a band of cartilage that remains between the 2 ossification centers. This portion or the bone will continue growing up until puberty.
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| show | the cartilage cells die after they calcify
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| show | 4
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| show | resting cells, anchors epiphyseal plate to epiphysis (hyaline cartilage cells)
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| What are the characteristics of cells in the second layer of the epiphyseal plate? | show 🗑
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| show | older cells, cartilage cells becoming calcified (hyaline cartilage cells)
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| show | dead cells, calcified cartilage (hyaline cartilage cells)
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| What is the technical term for bone remodeling? | show 🗑
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| show | bone resorption
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| show | parathyroid hormone
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| show | bone deposition
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| What hormone drives bone growth as well as maintains calcium ions in blood? | show 🗑
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| What does the term blast mean? | show 🗑
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| show | it strengthens all collagen fibers affecting bone, tendons, ligaments etc.
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| show | fragile bones
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| What will a deficiency in vitamin A produce? | show 🗑
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| show | rickets, osteomalacia (decreases bone density)
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| show | dwarfism (actually dwarfism is absence of growth hormone)
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| show | before puberty: gigantism, after puberty: acromegaly
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| How do sex hormones affect bone growth? | show 🗑
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| show | phys. stress/exercise stimulates bone growth and plays a role in maintaining bone strength
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| What are the 4 main functions of bone? | show 🗑
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| show | 1. rigid bar/bones 2. fulcrum (point on which bar moves)/joint 3. Object is moved against resistance 4. Force- supplues energy for movement/muscles
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| Our bones and joints are which class lever system? | show 🗑
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| show | include: epiphyseal plate, articular cartilage, diaphysis, epiphysis, periosteum, endosteum, medullary canal, spongy bone, compact bone, red and yellow marrow.
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| What is a facet? | show 🗑
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| What are condyles? | show 🗑
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| What are some skeletal system lifespan changes? | show 🗑
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| What are the six types of fractures? | show 🗑
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| What are articulations? | show 🗑
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| show | junctions between bones, bind parts of skeleton together, make bone growth possible, permit shape change during childbirth, enable movement in response to muscular contraction.
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| show | by STRUCTURE and by FUNCTION. All joints will have both classifications
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| What are the three structural classifications? | show 🗑
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| What are the three functional classifications of joints? | show 🗑
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| show | dense connective tissue between 2 bones.
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| What are the three types of fibrous joints? | show 🗑
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| What are the characteristics of a syndemosis fibrous joint? | show 🗑
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| show | thin layer of connective tissue between flat bones, synarthrotic (immovable)e.g. sutures in skull
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| What are the characteristics of gomphosis fibrous joints? | show 🗑
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| What are the characteristics of cartilagenous joints? | show 🗑
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| What are the two types of cartilagenous joints? | show 🗑
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| What are the characteristics synchondrosis cartilagenous joints? | show 🗑
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| What are the characteristics of symphysis cartilagenous joints? | show 🗑
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| Mobility vs stability | show 🗑
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| show | most are diarthrotic (freely movable), have a joint cavity, are lubricated with synovial fluid, the bones are connected by a joint capsule but are not attached at the point of contact. The synovial membrane secretes the synovial fluid.
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| show | the fibrous capsule lined by synovial membrane.
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| show | viscous slippery fluid rich in albumin and hyaluronic acid and similar to raw egg white.
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| Synovial joints: what are the characterisitics of the meniscus | show 🗑
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| What do tendons do? | show 🗑
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| show | attach bone to bone
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| What is a bursa? | show 🗑
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| What are the six types of synovial joints? | show 🗑
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| show | hip and shoulder. a lot of mobility and range of motion.
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| What are examples of condyloid synovial joints? | show 🗑
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| What are examples of gliding synovial joints? | show 🗑
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| What are examples of hinge synovial joints? | show 🗑
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| show | between proximal ends of radius and ulna (this is cool to try on your arm)between atlas and axis
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| show | between carpal and metacarpal of thumb (2 complementary saddle like ends, one fits into another.)
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| What are the 8 types of joint movements? (1-5) | show 🗑
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| show | 6. eversion(move foot inward)/inversion(move foot outward) 7. protraction(move anteriorly-lean head forward)/retraction(move posteriorly- lean head backward) 8. elevation(move upward against gravity, shoulders up)/depression(move downward,shoulders down)
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| What are the characteristics of the shoulder joint? | show 🗑
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| What are the characteristics of the elbow joint? | show 🗑
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| What are the characteristics of hip joints? | show 🗑
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| show | largest joint and most complex, modified hinge joint, femur sits on tibia, has a patella, allows for flexion/extension but very little rotation, supported by many tendons and ligaments, has pad of cartilage called menisci, has bursae
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| show | they are gliding joints, lecture also said "symphyseal joints", cushioned by intervertebral discs (outer anulus fibrosis and inner nucleus pulposis), stabilized by ligaments.
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| show | pressure on spinal nerve
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| show | 1. sprains 2. bursitis 3. arthritis
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| show | damage to cartilage, ligaments, or tendons associated with joints. Can be caused by forceful twisting of the joint
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| What are the characteristics of arthritis? | show 🗑
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| show | skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle and smooth muscle
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| show | 1. produce skeletal movement 2. maintain body posture and position 3. support soft tissues 4. guard entrances and exits (sphincters-internal smooth, external skeletal) 5. maintains body temperature
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| show | found only in heart,not under conscious control,striated,autorhythmic (will contract w/out input from cns), fibers are branched, cells attached at intercalated discs, have gap junctions, contractions last longer, longer refractory period(reset time)
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| What do gap junctions in cardiac tissue do? | show 🗑
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| Where are cardiac cells attached to each other? | show 🗑
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| Is there any connective tissue in muscle? | show 🗑
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| show | the electrical impulse. It will spread throughout heart
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| Does the SA node receive impulse from the autonomic nervous system? | show 🗑
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| Do all types of muscle cells have the same amount of sarcoplasmic reticulum? | show 🗑
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| What are the characteristics of smooth muscle cells? | show 🗑
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| show | similar interactions between actin and myosin, both use calcium and ATP, both depend on impulses from nervous system
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| How is smooth muscle contraction DIFFERENT from skeletal muscle contraction? | show 🗑
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| Whick type of muscle is susceptable to fatigue? | show 🗑
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| show | both
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| What do you call muscle cells? | show 🗑
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| What are the characteristics of skeletal muscle? | show 🗑
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| What are the six connective tissue structures in skeletal muscle? | show 🗑
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| What is fascia? | show 🗑
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| show | tendons are a cordlike extension of the fascia and may be attached to the periosteum of bone. (attaching muscle to bone)
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| show | broad fibrous sheets of connective tissue attaching muscle to muscle or muscle to bone.
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| show | layer of connective tissue that surrounds a skeletal muscle
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| show | layer of connective tissue that divides the muscle into sections/bundles called fascicles
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| What is endomysium? | show 🗑
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| What is a fasicle? (plural fasciculus) | show 🗑
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| What are the 5 divisions/levels of muscle tissue from outtermost to innermost? | show 🗑
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| What are myofibrils? | show 🗑
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| What are the parts of the muscle cell/fiber? | show 🗑
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| what causes striations in skeletal muscle? | show 🗑
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| what is a sarcomere? | show 🗑
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| What are I bands? | show 🗑
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| What are A bands? | show 🗑
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| show | it is the endoplasmic reticulum of muscle cell, per hopkins storage tank with ions
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| show | a set of membranous channels that extend into the sarcoplasm. each transverse tubule connects two enlarged portions of sarcoplasmic reticulum called cisterns (stprage tanks).
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| What is an M line? | show 🗑
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| What is a Z line? | show 🗑
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| What is a triad? | show 🗑
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| show | it is covered in tropomyosin so the myosin can't get to it.
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| What are the characteristics of thick filaments? | show 🗑
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| What are the characteristics of thin filaments? | show 🗑
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| Does one myosin filament grab one actin filament? | show 🗑
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| show | no, far more thin filaments.
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| What are the levels of organization in muscle tissue? | show 🗑
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| What is the neuromuscular junction? | show 🗑
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| What is the name of neurons that send messages OUT of the central nervous system? | show 🗑
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| What is a motor end plate? | show 🗑
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| show | sacs of neurotransmitters just inside the neuron's cell wall.
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| What is the neurotransmitter that motor neurons use to control skeletal muscles? | show 🗑
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| show | 1.the cns send a nerve impulse that causes release of ACh from synaptic vesicles. 2. The ACh binds to receptors in the motor end plate. 3. the ACh crosses the motor end plate, enters the muscle cell and depolarizes the membrane generating a muscle impulse
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| What is a muscle impulse? | show 🗑
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| What does the sarcoplasmic reticulum contain? | show 🗑
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| show | It affects the troponin/tropomyosin which is attached to the actin binding sites. Ca++ bind with the troponin and tropomyosin exposing the binding sites of the actin filaments. This allows binding to occur between myosin cross bridges (hands) and actin.
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| show | It states that during muscle contraction actin and myosin slide past eachother in opposite directions. It shortens space between the z line at the beginning and the z line at the end but the filaments (actin and myosin) never get shorter.
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| What do the thick myosin filaments need to do to prepare for contraction? | show 🗑
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| What enzyme do myosin cross bridges (hands) contain? | show 🗑
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| show | The energy needed for contraction. This is the chemical process that puts the cross bridges (hands) into the cocked position
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| What happens during contraction? | show 🗑
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| show | the action of the cross bridges pulling on the actin
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| show | if more ATP comes along the cycle of breaking it down for energy is repeated and another power stroke occurs. If no more ATP is present, the muscle relaxes.
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| What process drives relaxation to occur? (other than running out of ATP) | show 🗑
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| show | Contract
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| show | 1. creatine phosphate 2. cellular respiration
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| How do muscles use creatine phosphate? | show 🗑
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| show | converting glucose/glycogen into energy.
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| What are the two phases of cellular respiration? | show 🗑
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| What are the characteristics of anaerobic phase of respiration? | show 🗑
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| show | Slow but efficient. uses citric acid cycle to produce a lot of ATP (34-36 ATP's + heat). Requires oxygen which is stored in the muscles by myoglobin
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| show | relative of hemoglobin but is stickier and has higher affinity for oxygen. Is storage in muscles for extra oxygen, but not primary source of oxygen.
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| show | during strenuous exercise,available oxygen is used for muscle contraction instead of coverting lactic acid to glucose.The oxygen debt must be repaid at a later time.Debt includes the amount of oxygen needed to return blood &tissues to pre-exercise levels
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| What organ converts the lactic acid back to glucose? | show 🗑
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| show | The body develops more reserves with frequent exercise. More mitochondria, more capillaries. The capacity for aerobil cellular respiration increases.
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| show | loss of the ability to contract, not enough blood flow to keep up with mitochondria'a oxygen needs, insufficient sodium and potassium ion reserves, build-up of lactic acid which changes pH and prevents muscles from responing to impulses.
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| What is a cramp? | show 🗑
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| show | one motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers controlled by that motor neuron. Could be one muscle fiber or hundreds. (one muscle organ has many motor units. motor units are scattered irregularly so muscle appears to move as one unit.
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| show | heat is a by-product of cellular respiration. Homeostatic mechanisms kick in when exercise produces too much heat (sweating, flushing etc..)
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| What is recruitment? | show 🗑
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| show | muscles can produce more precise movements when they have a lower muscle fiber to motor neuron ratio.
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| What are the characteristics of sustained contractions? | show 🗑
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| show | even when muscles appear to be at rest, the fibers are in a state of partial contraction. This is important for maintaining good posture.
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| show | 1. isometric 2. isotonic
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| show | all contractions begin with an isometric phase. The muscle remains the same length but tension rises.
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| What are the characteristics of isotonic contractions? | show 🗑
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| What are the characteristics of fast fibers? | show 🗑
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| show | slow (take three times longer to contract after stimulation). Smaller in diameter, darker in color due to abundance of myoblobin, fatigue resistant. Also have abundant supply of mitochondria, extensive capillary supply and can contract a long time.
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| How much aerobic exercise is needed to remodel capillary beds? | show 🗑
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| show | the immovable end
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| show | the movable end
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| What is a prime mover aka agonist? | show 🗑
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| What does a synergist do? | show 🗑
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| show | resist the prime mover's action and cause movement in the opposite direction
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| Some muscles are named for origin and insertion. What are the examples discussed in class? | show 🗑
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| show | rectus (along the axis), oblique, lateral, transverse
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| What are some terms used in muscle naming that describe their actions? | show 🗑
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| What are some terms used in muscle maning that refer to their body region or bone attached to? | show 🗑
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| What are some terms used in muscle naming that refer to number of origins, size or shape? | show 🗑
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| What is supination? | show 🗑
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| What is pronation? | show 🗑
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