AH 15 H 21
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| The word immune derived from... | Latin word immunis, meaning "free of burden"
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| Immune system | Complex network of highly specialized cells and tissues
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| AKA immune system | Host defense system
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| Functions of the immune system | Protect the body, maintain homeostasis, serve as a surveillance network
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| Immunocompetance | When the immune system responds appropriately to a foreign stimulus
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| Immunity | Insusceptible to or unaffected by a particular disease or condition
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| Immunology | The study of the immune system
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| Innate (natural) immunity | First line of defense; provides physical and chemical barriers
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| Adaptive (acquired) immunity | Second line of defense; provides a specific response, protects the internal environment
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| Macrophages | Phagocytes
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| Antigen | Substance recognized by the body as foreign that can trigger an immune response
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| Humoral (blood or plasma) immunity | Responds to antigens, active and passive immunity
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| Active immunity | The antibodies are produced by one's own body through vaccines
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| Passive immunity | Antibodies are formed by someone else in response to a specific antigen and then put into someone else
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| The four "R's" | Recognize, respond, remember, regulate
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| Importance of cellular immunity | Immunity against pathogens that survive inside cells
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| Aging causes... | Decline in the immune system
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| Aging does not... | Affect the bone marrow
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| Immunization | A controlled exposure to a disease-producing pathogen which usually triggers antibody production and prevents disease
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| Immunotherapy | Treatment of allergic responses that involves administering increasingly large doses of offending allergens until you gradually become immune to it
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| Hypersensitivity | Abonormal condition, excessive reaction to stimulus
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| Hypersensitivity reaction | Inappropriate and excessive response of the immune system to a sensitizing allergen
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| Hypersensitivity etiology | Defect that allows increase in production of the immunoglobulin IgE by inhalation, ingestion, injection or contact
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| Anaphylaxis etiology | Acute and potentially fatal hypersensitivity to an allergen
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| Latex allergy | Allergic reaction when exposed to latex products
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| Type IV latex allergy | Contact dermatitis; allergy to the chemical used to manufacture the latex
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| Type I latex allergy | Response to the natural rubber latex proteins
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| Transfusion reaction | Occurs with mismatched blood
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| Delayed hypersensitivity | Reaction occurs 24-72 hours after exposure
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| Lymph | Clear fluid that resembles plasma; composed primarily of water, electrolyte, waste and some proteins
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| Lymphatic vessels | Include lymphatic capillaries and several larger lymphatic vessels
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| Lymph from the right arm and right side of the head and thorax drains into... | The right lymphatic duct
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| Immunity | Defense system
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| Cortisol | Suppresses the immune system
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| Nonspecific immunity | First and second line of defense
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| First line of defense | Mechanical barriers, chemical barriers and reflexes
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| Second line of defense | Phagocytosis, inflammation, fever, protective proteins and natural killer cells
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| Mechanical barriers | Intact skin and mucous membranes
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| Chemical barriers | Secretions; tears, saliva, and perspiration
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| Tears secrete... | Lysozyme
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| Reflexes | Sneezing, coughing, vomiting and diarrhea
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| Diapedesis | Process of squeezing through tiny gaps
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| Chemotaxis | Signaling to attract phagocytes
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| Kupffer cells | In the liver
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| Macrophage function | Phagocytosis; present antigens to lymphocytes
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| Inflammation | Response the body makes when confronted by an irritant
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| If the irritant is caused by a pathogen, the inflammation is called... | Infection
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| Injured cells release... | Histamine and other substances that cause the blood vessels to dilate
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| Classic signs of inflammation | Redness, heat, swelling and pain
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| Phagocytes release... | Fever-producing substances called pyrogens
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| Interferons | Prevent viral reproduction and activat NK cells which boost the immune system
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| Complement proteins | Punch holes in bacterium's outer membrane and cause it to burst and die
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| Neutrophils function | Phagocytosis
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| Basophils function | Secrete histamine and heparin
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| Eosinophils function | Destroy parasites
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| Monocytes function | Phagocytosis; they enter tissues and are transformed into macrophages
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| B cells function | Antibody-mediated immunity; accounts for 20-30% of blood lymphocytes
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| Plasma cells function | Secrete antibodies
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| Memory B cells function | Remember the antigens
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| T cells function | Cell-mediated immunity; accounts for 70-80% of blood lymphocytes
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| Killer T cells function | Kill cells
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| Helper T cells function | Secrete lymphokines which activate B cells and other cells
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| Suppressor T cells function | Inhibit B cell and T cell activity (help control immune response)
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| Memory T cells function | Remember the antigens
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| Natural killer cells function | Kill cells
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| Mast cells function | Release histamine and other chemicals involved in inflammation
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| Specific immunity | Third line of defense; provides protection against one specific substance
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| Two cells that play a key role in specific immunity | Lymphocytes and macrophages
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| Antigen | Substance that stimulates the formation of antibodies
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| Immunotolerance | Recognition of self
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| Autoimmune disease | Occurs when the immune system fails to identify self and mounts an attack against its own cells
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