Male Reproductive System
Help!
|
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male & female reproductive systems | consist of gonads & the accessory reproductive organs
🗑
|
||||
| Gonads | in males are the testes; in females are the ovaries; both produce sex cells (gametes) and hormones.
🗑
|
||||
| Gametes | sex cells
🗑
|
||||
| Male gametes | sperm
🗑
|
||||
| Androgens | male hormones made and secreted by the testes; main one is testosterone
🗑
|
||||
| Estrogens & progesterone | main hormones produced and secreted by ovaries
🗑
|
||||
| Zygote | a fertilized egg; the first cell of a potentially new individual; receives 23 chromosomes from egg and 23 chromosomes from sperm to equal 46
🗑
|
||||
| Male reproductive system | includes gonads, testes, in scrotum; accessory organs include ducts that transport sperm and some glands, whose secretions enhance sperm activity
🗑
|
||||
| Male ducts | epididymis, vas/ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, urtethra
🗑
|
||||
| Male accessory glands | seminal vesicles, prostate gland, Copwer’s/bulbourethral glands
🗑
|
||||
| Scrotum | contains testes; divided into left and right via middle septum; provides temperature slightly cooler (about 5 degrees) than core body temp, which is necessary for adequate sperm cell production; responds to external temperature to maintain optimum temp.
🗑
|
||||
| Dartos muscle | under cold conditions, wrinkles and thickens the scrotal skin thus reducing heat loss; under hot conditions will relax
🗑
|
||||
| Cremaster muscles | will pull testes up toward warm abdominopelvic wall in cold conditions; relaxed in hot conditions
🗑
|
||||
| Testes/Testicles | divided into lobules, each containing 1-4 seminiferous tubules
🗑
|
||||
| Seminiferous tubules | specific sites of sperm cell production in testes; walls consist of spermatogenic cells embedded in sustentacular/sertoli cells
🗑
|
||||
| Spermatogenesis | sperm cell production
🗑
|
||||
| Interstitial/Leydig cells | found between seminiferous tubules; produce and secrete masculinizing hormones known as androgens (the main such being testosterone)
🗑
|
||||
| Pampiniform plexus | venous network from which each testicular vein arises; helps provide a cooling effect for the testes
🗑
|
||||
| Varicocele | a varicose vein in the pampiniform vein
🗑
|
||||
| Hydrocele | swelling in scrotum causes by an excessive accumulation of fluid in a space around the testis.
🗑
|
||||
| Testicular cancer | curable if detected early enough; men advised to regularly examine their testicles for lumps; however, most lumps are relatively harmless varicoceles and hydroceles
🗑
|
||||
| Form in abdominopelvic cavity; descend into scrotum about two months before birth | fetal development of testes
🗑
|
||||
| Cryptorchidism | congenital condition in males characterized by failure or one or both testes to completely descend into scrotum prior to birth; testis remaining in abdominal cavity for too long will become sterile due to higher temperature
🗑
|
||||
| Meiosis | cell division by which testes/ovaries produce sex cells/gametes/sperm/eggs; 2 consecutive divisions of nucleus—results in production of cells with only half the # of chromosomes (23), thus only half as much genetic material/DNA
🗑
|
||||
| Sperm Cell Anatomy | three parts – head, midpiece, tail
🗑
|
||||
| Head of sperm | part of sperm; contains sperm’s nucleus, thus bears its genetic material/DNA/chromosomes; anterior part of head consists of acrosome
🗑
|
||||
| Acrosome | anterior part of sperm head which contains digestive enzymes that are released when a sperm in in contact with an egg; help sperm penetrate egg to accomplish fertilization
🗑
|
||||
| Midpiece of sperm | part of a sperm; contains many mitochondria that produce ATP needed to supply energy required for sperm to use its tail swimming
🗑
|
||||
| Tail of sperm | part of sperm; flagellum that provides for sperm motility
🗑
|
||||
| Sustentacular/sustentocyte/sertoli/nurse cells | surround spermatogenic cells in wall of seminiferous tubules; provide physical & chemical assistance to immature sperm cells; tight junctions b/t these form blood-testes barrier
🗑
|
||||
| Blood-testes barrier | formed by junctions b/t sustentacular cells; prevents protein antigens that occur in differentiating sperm from entering bloodstream & activating immune system; if breached, male’s body will attack own sperm
🗑
|
||||
| Epididymis | located in scrotum on lateral & posterior surface of testis; highly coiled duct several feet long; where sperm cells temporarily stored & become mature; sperm ejaculated from this site thru vas/ductus deferens; stored too long = phagocytized & degraded
🗑
|
||||
| Vas/ductus deferens | receives/transports ejaculated sperm from epididymis to ejaculatory duct; runs upward from scrotum w/in spermatic cord, thru inguinal canal, into pelvic cavity, along then behind bladder, where it joins duct from seminal vesicle to form ejaculatory duct
🗑
|
||||
| Vasectomy | procedure in which small incision is made into each side of scrotum to sever each ductus deferens; cut ends are tied off, fused shut, or plugged; prevents sperm cells from leaving body; reduces volume of semen by about 5%
🗑
|
||||
| Spermatic cord | composite structure consisting of sheath of connective tissue & enclosed structures; components include ductus/vas deferens, testicular arteries, veins, nerves, and the cremaster muscle; inferior lies in scrotum, superior through inguinal canal
🗑
|
||||
| Inguinal canal | slit-like passageway through anterior pelvic wall that courses just deep & inferior to aponeurosis of external oblique muscle
🗑
|
||||
| Inguinal hernia | condition in which small portion of small intestine protrudes into, and sometimes through, the inguinal canal; often caused by lifting heavy objects/strenuously straining; forms a bulge below skin in groin
🗑
|
||||
| Ejaculatory duct | formed by union of a seminal vesicle w/ end of vas deferens; specifically located w/in prostate gland; propels ejaculated sperm into prostatic urethra
🗑
|
||||
| Male urethra | has three portions—prostatic, membranous, spongy/penile
🗑
|
||||
| Prostatic urethra | first portion of male urethra; runs through and is surrounded by prostate gland below urinary bladder
🗑
|
||||
| Membranous urethra | second portion of male urethra; courses through urogenital diaphragm in floor of pelvic cavity
🗑
|
||||
| Spongy/penile urethra | terminal portion of male urethra; runs through and surrounded by corpus sponginosum of penis; opening at tip is called external urethral orifice
🗑
|
||||
| Male accessory sex glands | 5 total—seminal vesicles, prostate gland, cowper’s/bulbourethral glands; secretions of these account for about 95% of semen volume
🗑
|
||||
| Semen | secretions of accessory glands + sperm; relative alkalinity of semen enhances motility of sperm and protects them from acidic environment of female’s vagina
🗑
|
||||
| Seminal vesicles | paired glands on posterior surface of male bladder; secretion makes up ~60% of semen; has chemicals to enhance sperm function; has yellow pigment that fluoresces under UV light; joins w/ end of ductus/vas deferens to form an ejaculatory duct w/in prostate
🗑
|
||||
| Prostate gland | about size/shape of chestnut; immediately below bladder, surrounds first portion of urethra; secretion makes up 1/3 volume semen, chems enhance sperm function; enzyme PSA helps screen for cancer
🗑
|
||||
| Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) | enzyme in prostate secretion; measuring the level of this enzyme in a man’s blood is the most important method of screening for prostate cancer
🗑
|
||||
| Benign prostatic hyperplasia | non-cancerous enlargement of prostate gland that occurs in most elderly men; urination becomes increasingly difficult due to prostate presses against prostatic urethra; can be detected via digital rectal exam
🗑
|
||||
| Bulbourethral/Cowper’s glands | paired, pea-sized glands below prostate gland w/in urogenital diaphragm; produce clear mucus that drains into penile/spongy urethra when male becomes sexually excited; small amount of mucus tends to accumulate at tip of penis prior to ejaculation
🗑
|
||||
| Penis | most of length consists of shaft; ends in glans penis
🗑
|
||||
| Two corpora cavernosa, one corpus sponginosum | three columns (bodies) or erectile tissue
🗑
|
||||
| Prepuce/foreskin | loose cuff of skin surrounding tip of penis; generally removed via circumcision shortly after birth
🗑
|
||||
| Erection | results from filling/engorgement of three bodies of erectile tissue with blood; during arousal, parasympathetic innervation dilates arteries supplying erectile bodies, thereby increasing flow of blood to those tissues
🗑
|
||||
| Ejaculation | results from peristaltic contractions of smooth muscle in the walls of the male ducts, all the way from epididymis through urethra
🗑
|
||||
| Epididymis—ductus/vans deferens—ejaculatory duct—urethra | pathway of ejaculated sperm cell
🗑
|
||||
| Male perineum | area between base of scrotum and anus
🗑
|
||||
| Testosterone | androgen; produced by interstitial/Leydig cells of testes; responsible for sex drive, development of secondary sex characteristics
🗑
|
Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Created by:
mbtrimm
Popular Biology sets