theory of evolution
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| As explorers traveled the globe in the 18th and 19th centuries, there were many new species discovered by | naturalists
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| Alfred Russell Wallace | Although many scientists had proposed ideas that this had indeed happened, two scientists, Alfred Russell Wallace and Charles Darwin, actually formulated a theory as to how the many species could have arisen.
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| Charles Darwin | Although many scientists had proposed ideas that this had indeed happened, two scientists, Alfred Russell Wallace and Charles Darwin, actually formulated a theory as to how the many species could have arisen.
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| Organisms produce similar organisms | a cat produces a cat, an oak tree produces another oak tree, and a bird produces a bird.
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| Often, organisms produce more offspring than can survive in any given | environment.
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| natural selection. | Only those organisms that survive will pass their favorable traits on to their offspring.
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| variations | Since Darwin’s time and the advent of genetics and molecular biology, we know that mutations cause changes in genetic traits
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| Overproduction | A species produces more offspring than will survive to maturity
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| Genetic Variation | The individuals within the species’ population are all genetically slightly different from each other
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| Struggle to Survive | Individuals of the population must struggle to avoid predators and find food and shelter
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| Successful Reproduction | Individuals that are successful at surviving are able to reproduce and pass on their genes to their offspring
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| I. Diversity | either the number of different characteristics present in a population or the number of different species in an area
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| II. Adaptation | a characteristic that helps an organism survive in its environment by adapting to its surroundings
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| III. Speciation | the process by which two populations of the same species become so different that they can no longer interbreed
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| IV. Extinction | the process of a species dying out completely
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| biodiversity | On the environmental level, diversity creates stability in ecosystems and biomes
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| Selective breeding | the breeding of organisms that have a certain desired trait
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| Genetic engineering | the manipulation of genes that allows scientists to put genes from one organism into another organism
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| Separation | Different groups of the same species become isolated from one another
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| Adaptation | The groups adapt to different environments
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| Division | Over a long period of time, the divided groups evolve into different species that are no longer able to breed with one another
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| atmosphere | Earth's original atmosphere was anaerobic, containing no free oxygen.
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| Earth’s Earliest Inhabitants | Earth’s Earliest Inhabitants The fossil record indicates that Earth’s first inhabitants were prokaryotes, perhaps appearing a little more than 3 billion years ago
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| Fossils | Fossils are the main tool used by scientists to study the history of life on Earth
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| Index fossil | A fossil of an organism that lived during a relatively short, well-defined time span
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