PSU Paleoanthropology Mid Term N. Vasey
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| show | Interdisciplinary approach to the study of hominids. (narrowed definition)
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| Hominoid | show 🗑
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| show | member of the family Hominidae. Includes the living great apes (Pongo, Gorilla and Pan), our extinct bipedal relatives, and ourselves.
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| show | member of the subfamily Homininae. Includes Pan, our extinct bipedal relatives, and ourselves.
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| Hominins | show 🗑
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| show | 23 mya – 5 mya
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| Plio-Pleistocene time frame | show 🗑
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| show | 5 - 1.8 mya
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| show | 1.8 mya to present
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| Holocene time frame | show 🗑
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| show | Lemurs, lorises, bushbabies, Tarsiers
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| Anthropoids | show 🗑
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| show | History of the Primates (1949);
Adaptive trends versus lists of traits - i.e., enlarged brain, convergent orbits, grasping extremities, reduced olfaction, long postnatal growth; Arboreal theory of primate origins
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| show | Tropical or subtropical distribution; Generalized limbs;
Prehensile hands and feet;
Dentitions and diet relatively unspecialized;
Heavy reliance on vision and large brain;
Protracted life history pattern;
Social groups common
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| show | Retain clavicle;
Retain five fingers and toes;
Prehensile extremities for grasping branches;
Nails, tactile pads, and dermatoglyphs;
Divergent hallux and pollex;
Hindlimb domination;
Tarsi-fulcrumation & long heel bone;
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| Primate Sense Organs (1) | show 🗑
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| show | Petrosal auditory bulla;
Large brain with unique sulcal patterns;
Brain large at all stages of gestation;
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| Primate Life History Traits | show 🗑
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| show | Eocene;
Prosimians;
Europe, North America, Asia, Africa;
Reliance on vision;
Living relatives are prosimian primates found in Asia, Africa, and Madagascar;
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| Euriprimates' Primate traits in the fossil record | show 🗑
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| show | Pan-global distribution;
Specializations of the hand;
No highly specialized diets;
Brain reorganization and enlargement;
Drawn-out life history pattern;
adolescence, menopause;
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| show | Genetically uniform species (80 - 90% variation);
Little sexual dimorphism (10-18%);
Complete reliance on material culture (e.g., tools);
Bipedal locomotion;
Reduced body hair;
No discrete estrus;
Speech, language, and culture;
whites
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| show | Suppressed yolk-sac involvement in placentation;
Early descent of scrotum into post- penial scrotum;
No uro-genital sinus;
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| Cladogram | show 🗑
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| show | Ancestor-descendent relationships; Time dimension
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| Evolutionary Scenario | show 🗑
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| show | Traits shared by last common ancestor and all descendents
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| show | Novel traits acquired by lineage after branching event
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| show | Ancestral traits that existed in lineage prior to splitting event
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| show | Same evolutionary and developmental origin
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| Homoplasy | show 🗑
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| Monophyletic groups | show 🗑
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| Paraphyletic groups | show 🗑
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| Polyphyletic groups | show 🗑
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| show | Variation along continuum; Ancestral to derived state; Examine development of trait (ontogeny); Examine trait in related groups; Most common form likely primitive
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| show | George Gaylord Simpson; Phylogenetic trees; Classification reflects more than branching; Divergence; Ancestor-descendent relationships; Synapomorphic and automorphic characters important
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| Cladistics/phylogenetic systematics | show 🗑
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| show | Strepsirrhini; Haplorhini
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| Gradistic Primate suborders | show 🗑
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| show | Speciation progresses via small changes; Transformation slow; Speciation via allopatry (mainly); Most or all of geographic range; Gaps in fossil record may be artifacts
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| show | Speciation arises from rapid lineage splitting; Transformation is rapid; Small, isolated population (allopatric); New species enters stasis; Gaps in fossil record are real
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| show | Pleistocene had highly variable climate; Glacials, interstadials, and interglacials affect sea levels; Glaciers transform landscape (E.g. Messinian salinity crisis); Glacial dust (loess), glacial till, and varves (Used to reconstruct prehistoric time scal
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| Plio-Pleistocene Climates: Deep-Sea Cores | show 🗑
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| Oxygen-isotope analysis | show 🗑
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| show | 13c accumulates in ocean in warm phases; 12c accumulates in land plants in warm phases
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| Causes of Climate Change | show 🗑
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| Base of Pliocene | show 🗑
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| show | 1.8 MYA - Originally defined via fossil molluscs
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| show | 900 KYA - Defined by glacial stratigraphy
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| show | 127 KYA - defined by glacial stratigraphy
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| show | advances in glacial stratigraphy, oxygen-isotope, stratigraphy, geomagnetic polarity reversal stratigraphy, and radiometric dating
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| Effects of Climate on Hominin Evolution | show 🗑
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| Basic Functions of Bone | show 🗑
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| Why Date Fossil Sites? | show 🗑
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| Relative dating | show 🗑
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| show | Developed before absolute dating; Order fossils or artifacts in temporal sequence relative to each other; Law of Superposition; Objects found in same stratigraphic level are contemporaneous; Faunal correlation and Land Mammal Ages
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| mesial (dentition) | show 🗑
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| show | towards the molars
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| lingual (dentition) | show 🗑
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| labial (dentition) | show 🗑
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| show | outside, touching the cheeks
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| Protocone | show 🗑
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| show | mesiobuccal cusp of the maxillary molars
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| Metacone | show 🗑
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| Hypocone | show 🗑
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| show | mesiobuccal cusp of the mandibular molars
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| Metaconid | show 🗑
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| show | distobuccal cusp of the mandibular molars
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| Entoconid | show 🗑
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| Hypoconulid | show 🗑
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| Axial Skeleton (postcranial) | show 🗑
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| show | limbs and girdles (scapulae, clavicles, pelvis...)
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| Relative Dating + Chemistry measure | show 🗑
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| show | Identify well-known fossil lineages (Horses, Suidae, Bovidae); Determine which species from the lineage are associated with hominids; Compare those species to similar species from other sites which have absolute dates
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| What can absolute dating do? | show 🗑
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| Absolute Dating: Radiometric Techniques - Most date strata associated with what? | show 🗑
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| How does absolute dating date fossils? | show 🗑
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| How do radiometric techniques work (in general)? | show 🗑
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| show | Carbon – 14 (14C); Potassium-Argon (K-Ar); Argon-Argon (40Ar-39Ar); Uranium Series (U-S); Fission Track; Thermoluminescence; Electron Spin Resonance
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| Carbon – 14 (14C) | show 🗑
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| Potassium-Argon (K-Ar) and/or Argon-Argon (40Ar-39Ar) | show 🗑
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| show | Chemically or biologically precipitated calcium carbonate formation; Travertine, speleothems, shell, coral; 150,000-350,000 BP; 230Th-234U, thorium-uranium; 231Pa-235U, protactinium-uranium; 234U-238U, uranium-uranium
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| Fission Track | show 🗑
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| show | Pottery, glass, bones, shells, minerals heated by fires (flint, quartz tools); Electrons trapped in lattice of crystals after irradiation event (firing, exposure to sunlight). Trapped electrons measured and divided by accumulation rate.
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| show | tooth enamel, shells, coral; Electrons trapped by absorption of microwave radiation; Trapped electrons measured and divided by accumulation rate; 3000 BP – 300,000 BP
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| show | Non-radiometric Techniques
Varves; Paleomagnetic stratigraphy; Amino acid racemization
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| Varves | show 🗑
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| Paleomagnetic Stratigraphy | show 🗑
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| Amino Acid Racemization can date what? and in what time frame? | show 🗑
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| How does Amino Acid Racemization work? | show 🗑
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| Catarrhine Traits | show 🗑
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| show | East African Rift System; Kisingiri and Tinderet Volcanos; Many lowland forest communities in early Miocene; Drier, more open habitats in middle Miocene
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| Eurasia in the Miocene | show 🗑
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| show | ~23/24-16.5 MYA; Mainly Africa, but also in Asia; Proconsulidae (and Oreopithecidae); Main sites in East Africa: Koru, Rusinga Island, Mfwangano Island, and Songor in Kenya; other sites in Uganda
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| show | Proconsul; Rangwapithecus; Limnopithecus; Dendropithecus; Micropithecus; Dionyspithecus
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| Proconsul (Genus) facts | show 🗑
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| Proconsul postcrania - features shared with living hominoids | show 🗑
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| Proconsul postcrania - Features shared with living OWM | show 🗑
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| show | 9 kilos; Frugivory and folivory; Quadrupedal and suspensory (long, slender limbs); Canine dimorphism
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| show | 50 kilos; Thick enamel -- Hard seed eater?; Postcrania as in Proconsul; Phylogenetic relationships uncertain (Retention of primitive features for 14 MY; End member of lineage from Oligocene Affinities to middle Miocene apes)
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| show | From China and other parts of Asia; 3-4 kilos – smallest E. Miocene ape; Resembles Micropithecus from Africa; Gibbon-like in facial anatomy and sulcal patterns
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| Summary: Early Miocene | show 🗑
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| Middle and Late Miocene Hominoids: where and when? | show 🗑
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| show | Hominidae (Homininae, Ponginae, Oreopithecinae); Griphopithecidae; Proconsulidae; Pliopithecidae; Incertae sedis
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| show | Homininae; Europe(St. Gaudens); Mid-late Mio; 1st desc. over 150 YA; 15-45 kilos, some sexually dimorphic; Frugivore – broad, round molar cusps; Thin enamel, gracile canines/mandible; Shares many cranial and post-c features w/living great apes; orthograde
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| show | Hominidae; Homininae, Greece, Turkey, 9-10 MYA; 110 Kilos; Woodland, savannah habitat; Extremely thick molar enamel; Hard, gritty diet (nuts, tubers); Shares many cranial features with the living Great Apes
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| show | Hominidae; Homininae; Tribe: incertae sedis; Chad, 7MYA
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| show | Proconsulidae; Ponginae; Siwaliks of India and Pakistan; 13-8 MYA (paleomag & fauna); 40-90 Kilos; Thick enamel - hard fruits, nuts, bark; Skull resembles orangutan (e.g., incisive foramen); Quadrupedal
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| Gigantopithecus | show 🗑
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| show | Proconsulidae; Oreopithecinae; Italy; late Miocene 30 Kilos; Folivore with many unusual dental traits, e.g., centroconid; Highly suspensory with limb structure as in Great Apes - Parallelism?; Descendent of Nyanzapithecus?
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| show | Proconsulidae; Afropithecinae; Otavi Mountains, Namibia; 13 MYA (faunal date); 14-20 kg; Fauna attest humid climate; Thin enamel and reduced/no cingula; Non-abrasive foods (berries, soft food)
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| show | Griphopithecus (Pasalar, Turkey, 15 MYA, also Slovakia and Germany); Kenyapithecus wickeri (Fort Ternan, Kenya, 14-12 MYA); Equatorius africanus (Maboko Island, Tugen Hills, Kenya, 15 MYA)
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| show | Griphopithecidae; Griphopithecinae; Fort Ternan and Maboko Island (?); Kenya; 14-12 MYA; Drier, more open woodland habitat; Broad, shallow, robust mandible with thick enamel on molars, reduced canines (more resistant foods); Semi-terrestrial adaptations
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| Equatorius africanus | show 🗑
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| show | Pliopithecidae; Czech Republic; middle to late Miocene; 6-15 kilos; Frugi-folivory; Skull similar to gibbon, more primitive; Suspensory locomotion (IM index 94); Late member of early catarrhine radiation preceding split of OWM and apes
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| show | Thick-enameled molars; Low rounded cusps (bunodont); Low-crowned, robust canines; Deep, robust mandibles & symphyses; Laterally flaring zygomatic arches; Shorter mandibles and premaxillae; M1 larger than M3
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| show | more closely related to the ape-human lineage than to OWM; mostly large bodied; Most are probably not ancestors to any living form; One form shows facial features similar to the modern Orangutan, suggesting a phyletic link.
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| show | No confirmed hominins from miocene dated locales, but some recently discovered fossils MAY be hominins.
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| show | Proconsul africanus; Proconsul heseloni; Proconsul major; Proconsul nyanzae
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| Linking Miocene Apes to Modern Apes and Hominins: Miocene Hominoid Geographical Groupings (African forms) | show 🗑
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| Linking Miocene Apes to Modern Apes and Hominins: Geographical Groupings (Asian forms) | show 🗑
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| show | African apes more closely related to humans than to Pongo; Hylobates diverges 12-15 MYA (14 MYA by most rec. est.); Pongo diverges 10-12 MYA; African Apes diverge 5-6 MYA; By early Pliocene all known fossil hominoids are hominins (except Gigantopithecus)!
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| show | ~ 5.8 MYA
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| When did bipedal hominids appear in South Africa | show 🗑
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| show | > 1 MY (~ 2.4-1.2 MYA)
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| Depositional Environment of South African Cave Sites | show 🗑
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| show | South Africa; 1924; Limeworks site in Western Cape Province; Raymond Dart, Univ. Witswatersrand; Australopithecus africanus; Faunal date: 2.0-2.5 MYA; Semiarid; Bone accumulations by large birds of prey
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| Sterkfontein | show 🗑
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| show | South Africa; 1938; Cave breccia near Johannesburg; Robert Broom; Australopithecus robustus (TM 1517); Member 3 of Kromdraii B East Formation; Faunal date: 1-2 MYA; Early Acheulean/Developed Olduwan; Wooded environment & open grassland
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| Makapansgat | show 🗑
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| Swartkrans | show 🗑
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| Summary of South African Sites | show 🗑
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| show | Ethiopia: Omo*, Middle Awash* (Hadar); Kenya: Lake Turkana*, Lake Baringo; Tanzania: Laetoli, Olduvai*; Chad: Bahr el Ghazal & Toros- Menalla in Djurab Desert *= both Austro. and Homo
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| Early Hominini Species in East Africa | show 🗑
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| Fossil Homininae (Tribe: incertae sedis) | show 🗑
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| Sahelanthropus tchadensis | show 🗑
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| Hominins > 4 MYA | show 🗑
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| show | Ardipithecus ramidus & Ar. kadabba, Aramis (Ethiopia), 4.4 & 5.8 MYA; A. afarensis ?, Fejej (S. Ethiopia), 4 MYA
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| show | Kenya and Ethiopia; 1966 (F. Clark Howell, Y. Coppens, R. Leakey); Longest and best dated hominin-bearing sed.; 3-1 MYA; Most hominid fossils in: Shungura and Usno Formations (Omo), Koobi Fora Formation (NE L. Turk.), Nachakui Formation (W L. Turk.)
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| Shungura and Usno Formations | show 🗑
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| Koobi Fora Formation | show 🗑
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| Nachakui Formation (WLT) | show 🗑
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| show | 1999; Meave Leakey, Louise Leakey; 3.5 MYA – Kenyanthropus platyops; Contemporaneous with A. afarensis
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| Where was A. anamensis found? | show 🗑
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| Lake Turkana Paleoenvironment | show 🗑
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| Middle Awash | show 🗑
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| Hadar Formation | show 🗑
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| show | 1991; A. boisei and H. erectus; Oldest firmly dated Acheulean tools; 1.4 MYA; Dry grassland
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| show | 1999; T. White and colleagues; 2.5 MYA -- A. gahri; Tool use?
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| Laetoli, Tanzania | show 🗑
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| show | 1930s,50s–tools and hom'd. teeth; 1.7-1.8 MYA - “Zinj.” boisei and H. habilis (B1&2); 1.2 MYA– H. erectus (B2&4); Bed1 – semiarid with wooded areas, fossils found in swampy lake margins; Bed 2– faulting reduces lake size, plains-dwelling anmls arrive
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| Oldest Attributed Material | show 🗑
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| show | Kanapoi, Allia Bay (Kenya), Middle Awash (Ethiopia, Maka femur); By 4 MYA biped. had commenced; Supported by Laetoli footprints – 3.6 MYA; A. afarensis or A. anamensis; Aramis (Ethiopia– Ardipithecus ramidus)?; Tugen Hills (Kenya– Orrorin tugensis)?
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| When do “Robust” forms appear by? | show 🗑
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| Who are the “Robust” forms? | show 🗑
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| show | Omo, 2.4-1.4 MYA; Lake Turkana, 2.0-1.5 MYA; Olduvai Gorge, 1.8-1.2 MYA
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| show | A water source
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| show | True
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| show | Aramis
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| Where and when were Australopithecus anamensis deposits found? | show 🗑
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| What are some more primitive, ape-like features of the Australopithecus anamensis mandible? | show 🗑
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| What are some of the features on the mandible that make A. anamensis a hominid? | show 🗑
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| Examine the postcranial fragments (drawings, photos, cast of distal humerus) and compare them with the human and chimpanzee material. Who does A. anamensis resemble more, a human or a chimpanzee? | show 🗑
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| From what deposits is Australopithecus afarensis mainly known? | show 🗑
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| What traits demonstrate that Australopithecus afarensis was bipedal? | show 🗑
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| What kind of sexual dimorphism does Australopithecus afarensis display? | show 🗑
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| show | Large dominant cusp on P3, large canine and incisors (not distinguishable on this cast), diastema, relatively parallel-sided tooth rows.
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| show | Post-canine megadontia, low molar cusps, and no honing complex for C/P3.
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| What are some primitive or ape-like features of the Australopithecus afarensis dentition, maxilla, and cranium? | show 🗑
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| show | Large anterior dentition (especially central incisors) and weaker postorbital constriction compared to later “robust” forms.
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| How was the Taung child (Australopithecus africanus) dated? | show 🗑
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| 2. What are some features that led Raymond Dart to call the Taung child (Australopithecus africans) a hominid back in 1924? | show 🗑
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| How does the adult A. africanus from Sterkfontein (STS 5 or “Mrs. Ples” based on the original name that Robert Broom first gave it – Plesianthropus transvaalensis) compare to A. afarensis? | show 🗑
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| How else does the face differ between A. africanus and A. afarensis? | show 🗑
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| show | A. robustus lived 1-2 mya in drier, more open habitats (Swartkrans) than A. africanus. The two species are thought to be similar in body size, but differ in many cranio-dental features.
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| show | A. robustus had Smaller incisors and canines and larger cheek teeth (premolars and molars) with thicker enamel.
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| Name some cranial differences between A. robustus and A. africanus | show 🗑
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| What do the cranio-dental differences indicate about diet in A. robustus versus A. africanus? | show 🗑
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| How was A. robustus dated? | show 🗑
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| show | small anterior teeth (incisors and canines) and large, flat cheek teeth (premolars and molars).
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| Are Australopithecus boisei canines integrated more into the incisor area or do they project as pointing, stabbing teeth as in other primates such as the Miocene apes and other living primates? | show 🗑
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| show | Along with thick enamel, large flat cheek teeth in A. robustus offer crushing and grinding surfaces.
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| show | Sexual dimorphism. The smaller specimen may belong to a female and the larger to a male.
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| show | This East African robust australopithecine species dates back further in geological time than A. robustus from 1-2.4 mya.
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| show | Accentuated sagittal and nuchal crests, enormous cheek teeth, extremely broad face with flaring zygomatic arches (cheek bones), a larger temporal fossa and consequently more post-orbital constriction. Absence of a forehead.
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| show | Australopithecus boisei – disc. by Mary Leakey in 1959 at Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania and named Zinjanthropus boisei. Later renamed to reflect a phylogenetic relationship to the S. African australopithecines and those later discovered in East Africa.
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| show | Smaller incisors and canines and huge cheek teeth, flat face, and heavily pneumatized cranial bones.
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| What is the oldest known “robust” australopithecine? | show 🗑
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| How does A. aethiopicus compare to other robust australopithecines? | show 🗑
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| show | Extensive pneumatization of temporal bone; large anterior tooth row; flat, shallow and prognathic palate; and a maxillary dental arch that converges posteriorly.
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| What are the implications of the mosaic anatomical arrangement of A. aethiopicus for reconstructing phylogeny? | show 🗑
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| show | A. gahri is a newly named species of australopithecine dated to 2.5. mya.
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| How does Australopithecus gahri compare to A. afarensis? | show 🗑
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| show | It lacks the derived craniodental features of the robust australopithecine lineage, such as heavy buttressing of the cranium.
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| show | While the lower limb was lengthened (relative to A. afarensis), the upper limb was evidently still quite long, as in apes and A. afarensis.
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| What interpretation do the authors of the Science and Discovering Archaeology articles from lab 2 favor? | show 🗑
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| show | Homo
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| What does the carrying angle of the A. afarensis femora imply regarding action at the knee joint and the type of locomotion employed by these early hominids? | show 🗑
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| What is the cranial capacity of Kenyanthropus platyops? | show 🗑
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| show | Australopithecus afarensis
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| Where was Sahelanthropus tchadensis found, and what is its age range? | show 🗑
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| What are some features that link Sahelanthropus tchadensis with hominins? | show 🗑
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| What are some of the features of Sahelanthropus tchadensis that are more reminiscent of apes? | show 🗑
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| show | They were more widespread than previously known. Perhaps the earliest phases of hominin evolution were not restricted to east Africa…
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| show | External auditory meatus forms an elongated bony tube. Also, there is no auditory bulla.
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| What is a Macaque's dental formula? | show 🗑
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| show | No
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| What are the proportions of a Macaque's humerus and femur like? | show 🗑
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| How do Baboon canines differ between the sexes in size, shape and function? | show 🗑
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| Are gorillas sexually dimorphic? If so, in what ways? | show 🗑
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| What is that thing on top of the male gorilla's head and what is it good for? | show 🗑
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| Does Aegyptopithecus zeuxis have a postorbital closure? | show 🗑
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| Did Aegyptopithecus have an external auditory meatus created by a tympanic ring (as in New World monkeys) or a bony tube (as in extant Old World anthropoids)? | show 🗑
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| show | Yes. New World monkeys and prosimians.
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| Did Proconsul heseloni have a C/P3 honing complex? | show 🗑
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| How many cusps did Proconsul heseloni have on P3 and P4? | show 🗑
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| show | Upper molars are quadrate with a large hypocone (disto-lingual). Lower molars have five prism-like cusps with a large hypoconulid (distal).
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| What is the Proconsul heseloni's tympanic region like? | show 🗑
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| Compare the madible of P. nyanzae to P. heseloni. Do you think they are separate species? | show 🗑
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| show | Only if it can be demonstrated that sexual dimorphism is not responsible for body size differences. Body size dimorphism in fossil species may not be the same in living species.
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| show | Afropithecus turkanensis.
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| show | A chimpanzee.
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| Does the relative width and length of the iliac blade of Proconsul nyanzae resemble Gorilla or Macaca? | show 🗑
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| Does the ischial callosities of the Proconsul nyanzae fossil resemble Gorilla or Macaca? | show 🗑
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| How do you think these size of the iliac blade and lack of ischial tuberosities in Proconsul nyanzae affected body shape, locomotion and posture? | show 🗑
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| How does the face of Afropithecus turkanensis compare to that of Proconsul? | show 🗑
|
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| How does the face of Afropithecus turkanensis compare to that of Aegyptopithecus from Fayum deposits of Oligocene age? | show 🗑
|
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| Examine the crests on the molars of Dendropithecus macinnessi, [early Miocene ape (family Proconsulidae) from East Africa] What do you think they indicate about this animal’s diet? | show 🗑
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| Compared the long, slender humerus of Limnopithecus to the macaque’s, a quadrupedual monkey. What do you think the form of this bone indicates about posture and locomotion in Limnopithecus? | show 🗑
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| Compare the skulls of Sivapithecus, Pongo, and Pan and examine the maxillary casts of Sivapithecus. Which living ape resembles Sivapthecus more? | show 🗑
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| What are some of the similarities between Sivapithecus, Pongo, and Pan? (e.g., in the anterior dentition, eye region, facial profile). | show 🗑
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| How does the Otavipithecus nimibiensis mandible and dentition differ from most other middle Miocene hominoids (e.g. Sivapithecus)? | show 🗑
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| show | Non-abrasive, softer foods that did not require extensive preparation by large incisors prior to chewing. The incisors of Otavipithecus are small.
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|
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| show | Gigantopithecus blacki
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| show | yes.
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| show | It is relatively thicker and deeper. Their overall dental and mandibular anatomy indicates a diet of hard fibrous material.
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| show | Given its size, it is highly likely that Gigantopithecus was terrestrial
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| Could Gigantopithecus blacki be Big Foot (aka the Saskwatch)? | show 🗑
|
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