Busy. Please wait.
Log in with Clever
or

show password
Forgot Password?

Don't have an account?  Sign up 
Sign up using Clever
or

Username is available taken
show password

Your email address is only used to allow you to reset your password. See our Privacy Policy and Terms of Service.


Already a StudyStack user? Log In

Reset Password
Enter the associated with your account, and we'll email you a link to reset your password.

Chapters 6-10

Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in each of the black spaces below before clicking on it to display the answer.
        Help!  

Question
Answer
show Pedigree  
🗑
Oldest generation at the____; youngest generation at the _____.   show
🗑
show Roman numerals  
🗑
Numbered from _____ to _____ within a single generation   show
🗑
show Autosomal recessive traits  
🗑
show Autosomal dominant traits  
🗑
Affected phenotype seen more commonly in males Tend to skip generations. Affected males do not pass trait to sons. If woman is affected, 100% of sons will be affected   show
🗑
Do not skip generations Seen in both males and females but more in females. Females can get disease from either parent while males can only get from mother Affected female will have 100% sons affected. Affected male will have 100% daughters affected   show
🗑
show Y linked  
🗑
Non-identical twins; fraternal 2 separate eggs fertilized 50% average relatedness; same as any sibling pair   show
🗑
show Monozygotic  
🗑
% of twin pairs that have the same trait Monozygotic twins are 100% genetically identical; dizygotic approx 50% Used to evaluate genetic vs environmental factors Genetic influenced traits will show higher concordance in monozygotic twins   show
🗑
Examines effects of genes vs environment Adoption parents have 0% relatedness to adopted child, but share same environment Adoptees tend to resemble biological parents (obesity, alcoholism)   show
🗑
bacteria acquired genetic information from dead strain which permanently changed bacteria   show
🗑
What are the reasons for seeing a genetic counselor?   show
🗑
show Ultrasound, Amniocentesis, Chorionic villi sampling (CVS), Fetal cell sorting, Pre-implantation  
🗑
What is a Postnatal testing?   show
🗑
What's an Ultrasound?   show
🗑
show Can be done 15-18 weeks Trans-abdominally or trans-vaginally Ultrasound guided Needle inserted and ~15ml of fluid extracted Fluid can be tested directly or fetal cells cultured prior to testing. Each ml of fluid contains only ~10-15 cells  
🗑
What's a Chorionic villi sampling (CVS)   show
🗑
Isolation of fetal cells from maternal bloodstream Minimally invasive   show
🗑
IVF procedure One cell is removed from 8-16 cell embryo and tested Only “healthy” embryos are implanted   show
🗑
show Heterozygote/carrier testing  
🗑
Inherited cancer alleles – increased risk for cancer Late-onset diseases (Huntington disease)   show
🗑
Diagnostic and prognostic value in cancer Infertility Child with structural chromosomal abnormality (Inherited or de novo mutation)   show
🗑
show Principle of Segregation  
🗑
show Tetranucleotide theory  
🗑
2 alleles of a gene separate independently from alleles at other loci/other genes   show
🗑
show genes are on the same chromosome, they tend to travel together  
🗑
close together on the same chromosome   show
🗑
If 2 genes are on the same chromosome, but far apart, crossing over can allow for recombination of gametes   show
🗑
show crossing over; linked  
🗑
Horizontal lines indicate   show
🗑
individual heterozygous for 2 different genes where both dominant alleles are on __________, and both recessive alleles are on its _________.   show
🗑
show Testcross  
🗑
show Testcross setup for linkage  
🗑
show independently  
🗑
show If closely linked  
🗑
show crossing over  
🗑
Small number of recombinant progeny/chromosomes is seen when   show
🗑
Single cross over produces 50% _______ and 50%   show
🗑
show Recombination frequency  
🗑
show More closely linked  
🗑
Genes are linked   show
🗑
show <50%  
🗑
Both wildtype alleles are on one chromosome; both mutant alleles are on the homologous chromosome   show
🗑
show Trans configuration/repulsion  
🗑
Coupling and Repulsion for ________ individuals   show
🗑
Between genes on different chromosomes Independent assortment/random segregation during Metaphase/Anaphase I Produces 50% recombinant/50% non-recombinant gametes   show
🗑
show Intrachromosomal  
🗑
Relative position of different genes based on recombination rates Does NOT state actual chromosome, or position (locus) Distance measured in map units or centimorgans (cM)   show
🗑
Any genes with 50% recombination are either__________, or very far apart on the ________. (crossing over always separates them)   show
🗑
show Physical mapping  
🗑
show Deletion mapping  
🗑
show Somatic cell hybridization  
🗑
2 distinct nuclei   show
🗑
Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization and DNA sequencing   show
🗑
show DNA sequencing  
🗑
Probe complementary to gene sequence will bind to DNA   show
🗑
Example of deletion mapping   show
🗑
Types of Bacteria   show
🗑
Wild-type Can grow on minimal media Contains minimal nutrients – carbon, nitrogen, phosphorous, vitamins, ions   show
🗑
Can not produce an essential enzyme or manufacture essential molecules Will only grow on media that contains the “missing” substance Complete media   show
🗑
Liquid media Bacteria dies off when nutrients are used up or waste buildup becomes toxic Bacteria grow singularly – no colonies   show
🗑
Growth media in agar Isolate individual colonies Each colony originates from a single bacterium   show
🗑
Gives “carbon copies” of petri dish colonies Use sterilized velvet to make a stamp Some bacteria from each colony is transferred to velvet, and then transferred to new dishes   show
🗑
show Bacterial genome  
🗑
show F factor episome  
🗑
show Conjugation  
🗑
Bacteria takes up DNA from surrounding environment Recombination may occur   show
🗑
Viral particle introduced DNA from a bacterium into a new bacterium   show
🗑
Fertility factor/F factor contains ori and genes needed for?   show
🗑
Forms a sex pilus – extension of cell membrane __ factor separates, and one strand is transferred into ___ __ contains __ factor   show
🗑
show HFr bacteria  
🗑
show Conjugation  
🗑
show F' Bacteria  
🗑
Uptake of DNA and incorporation into chromosome or plasmid -Naturally occurring – dead bacteria -Artificially introduced Competent – cells able to take up DNA   show
🗑
bacteria that have incorporated foreign DNA   show
🗑
Many strains are avirulent Small and rapid reproduction Easy to culture Genome is single chromosome - haploid Wild-type are prototrophic   show
🗑
DNA or RNA (single or double stranded) as genetic material Can not reproduce on their own   show
🗑
viral particles that infect bacteria   show
🗑
show Bacteriophage – lytic cycle  
🗑
show Bacteriophages – lysogenic cycle  
🗑
show Generalized Transduction  
🗑
Bacterial DNA is degraded Some may enter viral protein coat instead of viral genetic material Transducing phages Can become incorporated into new host’s genome   show
🗑
Few genes are transferred/genes near certain sites of chromosome   show
🗑
show Transduction- Lysogenic cycle  
🗑
Single strand directly codes for viral proteins   show
🗑
Must make complementary RNA strand, which then codes for proteins   show
🗑
Incorporate into host genome Must make DNA from RNA Reverse transcriptase Makes cDNA from DNA or RNA template Enters host genome as a provirus Can be transcribed and translated Some retroviruses contain oncogenes Cause tumors   show
🗑
Three common genes   show
🗑
show Metacentric  
🗑
Centromere is off center   show
🗑
Centromere is close to one end p arm has satellites (knobs on stalks)   show
🗑
Centromere is at one end Not present in humans   show
🗑
show Karyotype  
🗑
show G banding  
🗑
show C banding  
🗑
Stains G-C rich regions Gives opposite banding pattern of G banding   show
🗑
show Q banding  
🗑
Types of chromosome mutations   show
🗑
Structure is altered   show
🗑
show Aneuploidy  
🗑
1 or more additional sets of chromosomes   show
🗑
show Duplications, Deletions, Inversions, Translocations  
🗑
Section of chromosome is doubled   show
🗑
repeated segment is right after the original   show
🗑
show Displaced  
🗑
Sequence is inverted from the original sequence   show
🗑
show Duplications (Heterozygotes)  
🗑
loss of a portion of chromosome Large deletions can be seen cytogenetically; microdeletions by FISH If the deleted region includes the centromere, entire chromosome will be lost Usually lethal in homozygous form   show
🗑
Normal chromosome must loop out during pairing Partial monosomy for all involved genes   show
🗑
show Deletions - heterozygotes  
🗑
show Pseudodominance  
🗑
show Haploinsufficiency  
🗑
Two breaks in chromosome, then flipped and reinserted   show
🗑
show Paracentric inversion  
🗑
Breaks on both arms; centromere is involved Can change morphology by altering centromere position   show
🗑
Disruption of a gene – no functional product Position effect (Change in gene position can affect gene expression)   show
🗑
show Inversion loops  
🗑
If crossing over occurs within loop: Creates a dicentric chromosome and an acentric chromosome -Acentric is lost -Dicentric forms a dicentric bridge, and breaks -Nonviable recombinant gametes   show
🗑
show Pericentric inversion loops  
🗑
show Translocations  
🗑
Segment moves from one chromosome to another   show
🗑
show Reciprocal Translocations  
🗑
show Translocations Effects  
🗑
Between two acrocentric chromosomes (13, 14, 15, 21, 22) 2 q arms are joined at a common centromere (Forms a metacentric chromosome if two chromosomes are same size) Small fragment is usually lost (acentric)   show
🗑
Named after the chromosome that is the origin of the centromere   show
🗑
Have one normal copy of a chromosome, and one translocated one -During meiosis, all 4 chromosomes will associate -Can segregate 1 of 3 ways   show
🗑
show Translocation segregation (Alternate)  
🗑
Each pole gets one normal, and the opposite translocated Partial monosomies/partial trisomie (unbalanced)   show
🗑
Each pole gets both the normal and translocated of the same chromosome (Inviable; rare)   show
🗑
show Fragile sites  
🗑
show Aneuploidy  
🗑
-Nullisomy 2n – 2 – missing both members of a homologous pair -Monosomy 2n – 1 – missing one chromosome -Trisomy 2n + 1 – one extra chromosome -Tetrasomy – 2n + 2 – two extra chromosomes of the same type/homologous   show
🗑
show Aneuploidy  
🗑
-Primary 3 free copies of #21 -Familial Extra copy due to translocation   show
🗑
show Uniparental Disomy  
🗑
show Mosaicism  
🗑
show Polyploidy  
🗑
Extra set is from same species (attacking self) -Error in cell division Extra chromosome caused pairing problems; especially with odd numbers -3n usually sterile; produce small seeds   show
🗑
Hybridization between two species AABBCC x GGHHII F1 generation ABCGHI – not homologous -Gametes are inviable, but may be able to reproduce asexually Nondisjunction error can lead 2x, which could then reproduce sexually   show
🗑
DNA made up of 4 different nucleotides in equal amounts. DNA doesn’t have the variety needed for genetic material   show
🗑
Consisted of DNA and protein   show
🗑
show 20  
🗑
A=T and G=C   show
🗑
show DNA because only DNase destroyed transforming substance  
🗑
Which part of the phage-its DNA or its protein-serves as the genetic material and is transmitted to phage progeny?   show
🗑
show Gives information on molecular structure  
🗑
WHat substance-RNA or protein- carries the genetic material in viruses?   show
🗑
Carbon in sugar can be referred to as   show
🗑
show RNA -OH at 2'carbon (less stable)  
🗑
show DNA (removing an oxygen) -H at 2' carbon  
🗑
show Phosphate group  
🗑
Nitrogenous base   show
🗑
two main types of Nitrogenous base   show
🗑
Purine   show
🗑
show Adenine Guanine  
🗑
show Cytosine Thymine (DNA only) Uracil (RNA only)  
🗑
show Pyridine  
🗑
RNA only   show
🗑
show thymine and deoxyribose  
🗑
show base and sugar  
🗑
Nucleotide   show
🗑
DNTP   show
🗑
Nucleotides covalently bonded?   show
🗑
show 3'C of previous sugar  
🗑
Backbone consists of…..   show
🗑
show 2 antiparallel strands with bases in interior Bases held together by hydrogen bonds  
🗑
show Always has one 5′ end (phosphate) and one 3′ end (sugar –OH)  
🗑
show Complementary base pairing??  
🗑
Base pairing   show
🗑
show Shape when plenty of water is present Right hand/clockwise turn; approx 10 bases per turn  
🗑
A-DNA   show
🗑
show Left hand/counterclockwise turn Approx 12 bases per turn (narrower) Found in portions with specific base pair sequences (alternating G and C  
🗑
show Replication, Transcription and translation  
🗑


   

Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
 
To hide a column, click on the column name.
 
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
 
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
 
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.

 
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.

  Normal Size     Small Size show me how
Created by: nenatweet24
Popular Genetics sets