translation, DNA mutation repair, gene regulation prokaryotes & eukaryotes
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| show | Translation
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| What materials are required for translation? | show 🗑
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| What is one difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic ribosomes? | show 🗑
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| rRNA genes are____ repetitive and ___ repeated | show 🗑
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| show | adapter molecules that have anticodons that base pair with mRNA codons and carry a corresponding amino acid on their 3' end
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| show | post-transcriptionally modified bases which enhance H-bonding efficiency during translation.(about 10% of nucleotides in tRNA are modified)
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| show | tRNAs with the appropriate amino acid
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| show | amino acid
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| Initiation of translation requires | show 🗑
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| show | Shine-Dalgarno
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| show | peptidyl and aminoacyl sites
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| show | polypeptide chain from the tRNA and release it from the translation complex
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| show | stop codon: UAG, UGA, UAA in the aminoacyl site
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| mRNAs with several ribosomes translating at once | show 🗑
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| The eukaryotic equivalent of the Shine-Dalgarno sequence | show 🗑
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| Is protein folding co-translational? | show 🗑
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| post-translational modification consists of: | show 🗑
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| Functional domains | show 🗑
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| Spontaneous mutation | show 🗑
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| Induced mutations | show 🗑
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| somatic mutations | show 🗑
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| germ-line mutations | show 🗑
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| autosomal mutations | show 🗑
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| show | occur within genes located on the X chromosome
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| point mutations | show 🗑
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| show | change a codon;change amino acid
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| show | changes a codon into a stop codon causing premature termination of translation
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| silent mutation | show 🗑
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| show | pyrimidine altered to another pyrimidine or purine altered to another purine
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| show | pyrimidine altered to a purine or vice versa
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| show | insertions or deletions of a base pair
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| neutral mutations | show 🗑
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| "slippage" leads to | show 🗑
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| show | can result in mutations due to anomalous base pairing
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| DNA damage by ___ and __ are the most common cause of spontaneous mutation | show 🗑
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| depurination | show 🗑
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| show | amino group in cytosine or adenine is converted to uracil and adenine is converted to hypoxanthine
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| transposons act as | show 🗑
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| show | transition mutations
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| intercalating agents | show 🗑
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| UV radiation creates | show 🗑
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| ionizing radiation(gamma rays,xrays,cosmic rays) | show 🗑
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| most human genetic diseases are | show 🗑
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| trinucleotide repeats | show 🗑
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| show | found in coding regions like the polyglutamic tract or in non coding regions like toxic RNAs that sequester regulatory proteins
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| individuals with type O blood | show 🗑
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| DNA proofreading | show 🗑
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| Mismatch repair | show 🗑
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| show | DNA replication skips over a lesion and requires homologous recombination mediated by the RecA protein
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| SOS repair system in E.Coli | show 🗑
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| show | in E.coli removes thymine dimers caused by UV light; depends on the activity of the photoreactivation enzyme(PRE)
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| show | 1)Base excision repair(BER)
2)Nucleotide excision repair (NER)
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| Excision repair requires three steps | show 🗑
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| Base excision repair (BER) | show 🗑
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| Nucleotide excision repair (NER) | show 🗑
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| DNA double strand break repair in eukaryotes | show 🗑
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| Homologous recombinational repair | show 🗑
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| The Ames test | show 🗑
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| show | 1)ionizing radiation
2)Chemicals-ethylmethanesulfonate(EMS), nitrosoguanidine
3)Transposons
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| transposons | show 🗑
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| show | single base pair changes, deletions, insertions
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| ionizing radiation | show 🗑
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| show | visual or biochemical examination of large numbers of mutagenized organisms
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| Bacteria often respond to environmental change by | show 🗑
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| show | a group of genes is regulated and expressed together as a unit
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| show | polycistronic mRNA
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| show | a cluster of functionally related genes undeer coordinated control by a single on-off "switch"
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| show | 1)operator: stretch of DNA that acts as a regulatory "switch"-usually within the promoter
2)promoter
3)genes that they control
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| show | inducible system
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| lac Z gene | show 🗑
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| show | encodes for permease which transports lactose into the bacterial cell
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| lac A gene | show 🗑
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| in the absence of lactose, the lac operon | show 🗑
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| lac I | show 🗑
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| show | upstream of the gene cluster they control; cis-acting
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| molecules that bind cis-acting sites are ______ ____ | show 🗑
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| analysis of lac expression in the absence or presence of lactose in ____ ___ ___ was used to prove the operon model for the lac operon | show 🗑
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| if glucose and lactose are both present which does the cell prefer to use? | show 🗑
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| maximal expression requires | show 🗑
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| show | exerts positive control of lac operon; binds the CAP-binding site and facilitates the binding of RNA polymerase at the promoter
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| show | yes. cAMP is required for CAP binding. glucose represses the expression of adenylyl cyclase, which catalyzes the production of cAMP
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| show | crystal structure analysis
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| show | repression loop
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| show | trans-acting element
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| show | turns on transcription
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| negative regulation | show 🗑
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| show | presence; the trp operon is a catabolic pathway
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| the binding of tryptophan to its repressor causes | show 🗑
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| show | a regulatory sequence on a leader sequence that precedes trp structural genes
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| Attenuation | show 🗑
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| show | 1) 1&2 + 3&4: transcription termination conformation
2) 2&3: non terminating conformation
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| show | hairpin
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| show | antiterminator
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| show | threonine, histidine, leucine, and phenylalanine
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| B. subtilis utilizes _____ instead of the ribosome stalling mechanism of attenuation | show 🗑
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| a fully saturated TRAP can bind to 5' leader sequence to form ___ ____ and prevemt the formation of the ___ ____ | show 🗑
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| show | anti-TRAP (AT)
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| show | associates with TRAP in the tryptophan activated state and inhibits binding to the target leader RNA sequence
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| trypanosome vsg genes are ___ regulated | show 🗑
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| show | grow; divide; develop; differentiate;
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| Gene regulation in eukaryotes is ___ ___ than it is in prokaryotes | show 🗑
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| humoral immunity | show 🗑
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| ___ __ in B-cells contribute to antibody diversity | show 🗑
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| random recombination: how many different LV and J regions? | show 🗑
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| show | 1) imprecise recombination between any pair of LV and J regions
2) high hypermutation(random somatic mutation)
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| chromatin modification can | show 🗑
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| changes to nucleosomes: | show 🗑
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| histone modification | show 🗑
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| types of histone modification: | show 🗑
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| show | sum of complex patterns and interactions of histone modifications that change chromatin organization and gene expression
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| chromatin remodeling | show 🗑
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| chromatin remodeling complexes may alter nucleosome structure in several ways including | show 🗑
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| show | is associated with decreased gene expression. the addtion of methyl groups catalyzed by methyltransferase. occurs most often on the cytosine of CpG dinucleotides; clustered regions called CpG islands
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| show | located in and near promoter sequences and adjacent to genes
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| epigenetic trait | show 🗑
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| three major epigenetic mechanisms | show 🗑
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| whether methylation is beneficial or detrimental depends on | show 🗑
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| show | hypermethylated
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| methylation patterns are ____ and ___ | show 🗑
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| show | a change in the pattern of gene expression by inducing the expression of normally silent genes
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| histone modification and DNA methylation interact to determine availability for transcription | show 🗑
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