Rabbits, Rodents and Ferrets Lectures 7-9
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| What are rabbits? | Lagomorphs: Oryctolagus cuniculus
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| How are rabbits different from rodents? | Teeth configuration --- ex: have 4 incisors whereas rodents only have 2
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| What is the weight range for rabbits? | <1kg - 9kg... over 50 breeds (dwarfs <1kg, flemish/checkered giant 9kg)
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| what are the historical uses of rabbits? | game, domesticated food animal, lab animal, vermin, pets
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| What is unique to the skin and glands of rabbits? | Skin: think and easy to tear
No foot pads
Glands: anal, inguinal, and chin --- chin and inguinal usually for marking
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| Why is the nasolacrimal duct clinically important? | It has a single ventral punctum and narros at two spots - proximal maxilla and base of upper incisor (important because these sites can be blocked)
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| What is unusual about rabbit dental roots? | They are open --- continue growing throughout the life of the animal, about 3mm/week
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| Describe the rabbit stomach | thing walled, poorly distensible, vomiting unlikely, food, hair, anc cecal pellets are usually present, hindgut fermenters, rapid fiber elimination
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| Where occurs in the rabbit cecum? | bacterial fermentation, it is thin-walled, coiled, with many sacculations - located on the R side of the abdomen and contents are semi-fluid
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| What occurs in the colon? | separation of fiber and fluid, fluid retropulsed into cecum
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| What is the function of the ileocecocolic complex? | The sacculus rotundus valve functions to segregate out smaller fiber into the cecum to produce VFAs and the undigested fiber into the colon
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| Describe coprophagy in rabbits | In the morning, they eat some fecal matter directly from the anus: protein and vitamin rich material
It is different from the regular feces, produced in the morning, soft and moist --- allows the contents of the cecum to flush out (caecotrophs)
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| Describe normal rabbit kidneys | single papilla, pH of urine 8-9 (basic), calcium sludge in the urine, and the urine is orange/red (porphyrins)
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| What's important about rabbit ears? | High vascular - with central auricular artery and marginal veins. Don't give injectable meds in the central artery... put it in the veins!
Important for thermoregulation
Vertical and horizontal canal
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| Rabbit Reproductive tract | Bicornuate uterus and 2 cervices
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| How do we determine male v female rabbits? | Males: round urethral opening, penis extrudable at 2 months, hairless scrotal sacs, larger head
Females: elongated vulva, heavy dewlap
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| Describe rabbit oestrus cycle | induced ovulators (but not pathogenic as in ferrets), no definitive estrus cycle, do become receptive behaviorly (chin rubbing on objects, lordosis, congested vulva)
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| Breeding characteristics of rabbits | Does are more territorial - so the female is taken to the male
Bucks mate any time
Nesting behavior: burrowing, hair plucking
Pregnancy: 30-32days, palpation >14d
Parturition occurs in the early morning
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| How are baby rabbits born? | Altricial (well developed), placental Ab transfer but still need colostrum, nurse SID/BID, emerge from next in 3 weeks, coprophagy at 3 weeks, weaning 4-6 weeks
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| Describe rabbit behavior | high social, burrowing, mutual grooming, scent is important, thumping is an alarm call, they are prey animals and may show fear with paralysis, flight, or screaming
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| What is appropriate group housing for rabbits? | Adults may fight if put together, littermates are usually compatible, but unrelated females need space, neutering decreases conflict, all intros. should be supervised
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| Outdoor rabbit housing should be: | Off the ground, avoid sunlight, protect from extremes, waterproof, enough space to stretch out, stand, 3 hops, solid nesting area, bedding (paper, hay, etc), good ventilation, need daily exercise, prevent escape (they like to burrow)
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| Indoor housing for rabbits: | Secure cage, wire diameter - fractures, provide exercise daily, litter training
Caution with children, electric cables, other pets, toxic plants
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| What do we feed rabbits? | monogastric hindgut fermenters: grass and hay, small amount of commercial pellet (18-24% fiber, 15% protein), garden forage, fresh veggies
Can survive on grass alone
Limit pellet diets, adults and pregnant or lactating does can have higher amounts
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| What hay types are good for rabbits? | Timothy (most popular): bails, cubes, oxbow critical care
Orchard grass: also available at pet stores, slight mixture of hay
Bermuda grass: less high quality but can be used, preferably not primary source
Alfalfa hay: good for growing and lactating
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| What is a side effect of alfalfa hay? | high calcium may result in urolithiasis, also high carb diet may alter hindgut flora leading to clostridial overgrowth
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| How much water do rabbits need? | 120ml/kg/day
temp dependent
increases with high fiber and high protein diet
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| How should you bring a rabbit to the vet? | Bring in their cage (not cleaned) with water/food bowls, bring food samples, meds/supplements, fresh fecal sample, cover w/ blanket
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| What history do you want to obtain? | origin, length of relationship, housing, exposure to other , owners evaluation (food/water intake, droppings, behavior, environment)
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| PE of rabbits | Lifespan: 5-10y
Rectal temp: 103-104
HR: 130-325
RR: 32-60
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| How do you restrain a rabbit? | Like a football
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| what can poor rabbit restraint result in? | Broken backs --- they can kick the air and break their backs
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| Rabbit anesthesia: | Don't fast, don't pull water more than 6hrs, atropinesterase (so atropine not very effective)
Prmeds: Opioids (bup, butorphanol), Midazolam, intra-nasal valium
Induction: mask, aquarium, inj.
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| How do you intubate a rabbit? | extend the neck, listen to expiration, push tube
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| Where is the best place to put an IV catheter? | Jugular
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| What other venipuncture sites can you use? | cephalic, saphenous, marginal (ear)
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| What species would you compare a rabbit Chem to? | Horse
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| What is different on a rabbit CBC? | heterophils
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| Rabbit radiography | cecum has a lot of gas, you can see kidneys, fecal material, bladder, notice unlike ferret the heart is cranial (thoracic inlet), head anatomy (jaws, dental problems)
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| What do you use in rabbit blood tubes? | EDTA
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| What is the most important rabbit disease? | Pasteurella multocida (AKA snuffles)
Gram neg, bipolar, aerobid rod
various serotypes
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| How is pasteurellosis transmitted? | aerosol, direct contact, fomites, venereal
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| What factors predispose pasteurellosis infection? | poor nutrition, stress, poor husbandry (overcrowding, poor ventilation), immunodeficiency
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| What are the CS of pasteurellosis? | EVERYTHING
Upper Respiratory: "snuffles", rhinitis, sinusitis, conjunctivitis, dacryocytitis
Otitis
ANY other organ: pleuropneumonia, bacteremia, abscesses, pyometra
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| How do you diagnose pasteurellosis? | PE, CBC/Chem (generalized infection), Culture (difficult to grow)
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| How do you treat pasteurellosis? | Clinical signs, supportive care
Enrofloxacin, chloramphenicol, Trimeth-sulfa, Penicillin G benzathine w/ caution
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| What other organisms cause similar disease to pasteurellosis in rabbits? | Bordetella, Pseudomonas, Staph
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| What is the prognosis of pasteurellosis? | varies, good if caught early and mild URI, poor prognosis w/ pneumonia, osteomyelitis, otitis interna, abscesses, recurrence v. common
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| What are the most common manifestations of pasteurellosis? | 1. rhinitis, sinusitis
2. conjunctivitis
Also can be subclinical
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| What does nasolacrimal duct obstruction cause and how do you dx/tx? | epiphora, scalding of face, alopecia
catheterization - small teflon catheter, local/possibly general anesthesia
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| Rabbit abscesses are: | simple to dx, difficult to tx
Check for bone involvement, other abscesses, recurrence
Tx: complete sx excision, abx ipregnanted beads
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| What is torticollis? | A fancy name for a head tilt
Very common in rabbits
Ddx: encephalitozoon, parasitic larval migration, toxoplasmosis, trauma, and obviously p. multocida
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| How do you tx torticollis associated w/ middle or inner ear inf? | medical or surgical interventions
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| What microsporidium causes torticollis? | Encephalitozoon cuniculi: obligate intracellular protozoan, urine-oral transmission, doe and young, usually in intestines - bloodstream
Transmits by spores in urine
Most cases are chronic/subclinical: CNS dz, runting, renal dz
Pathognomonic: Uvei
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| How do you dx and treat microsporidiosis? | Dx: ELISA, IFA, difficult b/c often subclinical in rabbits
Tx: None? Benzimadazoles
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| What is balisascaris? | Ascarids from raccoons causing cerebral larva migrans
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| What are other causes of torticollis in rabbits? | toxoplasmosis, trauma, parasitic cysts
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| How prevalent is Rabies in Rabbits? | rare, 30 cases in 26 years
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| What is a viral disease that rabbits can acquire from humans that may result in neurological signs? | Herpes Simplex 1 (though rare)
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| What poxvirus is common in rabbits? | Myxomatosis
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| What does myxomatosis cause in rabbits? | lumps around the rabbit's head and genitals, acute eye infection, discharge, blindness, loss of balance, anorexia, fever, pneumonia, and eventually results in death
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| What type of poxvirus affects rabbits in the US? | no virulent strain, rabbit fibroma (not very severe), myxomatosis (mostly in europe), rabbitpox virus (lab animal dz)
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| What 3 papillomaviruses affect rabbits? | Rabbit Shope Papilloma - natural host is cottontail, hairless wart-like areas of ears and eyelids, can progress to SCC
rabbit oral papilloma - benign worts on tongue/lips
Rectal papillomas
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| True or False, rabbit calicivirus is reportable in the US | TRUE --- originated in china, endemic in europe, spread by live rabbits and meat products
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| What are the CS and lesions of calicivirus? | CS: lethargy, anorexia, opisthotonus and convulsions, hemorrhagic nasal and vaginal discharges
Lesions: large pale liver, organ hemorrhage/necrosis, portal hepatic necrosis, catarrhal enteritis
Peracute dz: 24h
High mortality 90%
Suckling rabbits
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| What other viral diseases may affect rabbits with GI side effects? | Adenovirus, lapine parvovirus, rotavirus
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| What is trichobezoars in rabbits? | 'hair' in the stomach - can be normal
May be due to gastric hypomotility caused by low fiber diet, inability to vomit, grooming, boredum
May also be a sign of pain or dehydration
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| How do you dx gastic stasis? | signalment, history, PE, rads, ultrasound
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| How do you tx gastric stasis? | Fluids (>100 mL/kg), force feedings (blenderized alfalfa pellets w/ water, rehydrate gastric contents), metoclopramide or cisapride
Possibly proteolytic enzymes, pineapple juice?
NOT SURGERY!!!
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| How do you prevent GI stasis? | high fiber, high quality diet, decrease stress, obesity, boredum, prophylactic tx (enzymes, cat laxatives), brushing?
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| What does bloat look like in rabbits? | Upper intestinal obstructions (hair or pellets, beans, seads, neoplasia, post spay adhesions) and secondary gas dilated stomach ---> death
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| Diarrhea in rabbits is an ____________ | emergency ---- need IV access
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| Ddx for mucoid diarrhea in rabbits: | Mucoid enteritis (young, diet related)
Infections (coccidia, clostridium ass. enterotoxemia, bacterial enteritis, lawsonia intracellularis, tyzzer's dz, cornoavirus or rotavirus)
Antibiotic Associated Dysbiosis
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| What other effects does coccidia have in rabbits? | Hepatic (E. stiedae)
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| What are the causes of bacterial enteritis? | E. Coli, Salmonella, Psuedomonas
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| What is tyzzer's disease? | Clostridium piliforme
Not seen that often ---- boards question!
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| What abx can cause abx associated dysbiosis | Clindamycin, lincomycin, ampicillin/amoxicillin, erythromycin
sometimes penicillin and cephalosporins
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| Dental disease in rabbits: | Always do a PE
Disease due to genetics, trauma, low abrasive diet, malnutrition (metabolic bone dz)
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| What causes overgrown incisors? | malocclusion (genetics, trauma)
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| What are urinary calculi made up of in rabbits? | Calcium --- usually absorbed (independent of vitamin D) or eliminated by kidneys, but excessive --> sludge and calculi are calcium carbonate
Tx: FLUIDS and decrease calcium intake
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| What causes an intermittent hematuria, palpably lumpy uterus and occurs in >60% of females >5 years? | Uterine Adenocarcinoma
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| How do you dx and tx uterine adenocarcinomas? | Radiographs/ultrasound + CS and PE, usually slow to metastasize, tx: surgery
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| What ectoparasites do rabbits deal with? | Flies (blowflies), Fleas, Lice, Mites
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| What fleas affect rabbits? | cat flea (ctenocephalides felis), rabbit flea (spilopsylla cuniculi), sticktight flea (echnidnophaga gallinacea)
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| What fly causes myiasis? | cuterebra
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| What are psoroptes cuniculi? | ear mite of rabbit, causes crusting in external ear canal, scratching at ears, and shaking head
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| What are cheyletiella parasitovorax | rabbit fur mite, 'walking dandruff'
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| What is leporacarus gibbus? | less common rabbit fur mite, laterally compressed w/ short legs
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| What is notoedres cati? | mite --> crusty, pruritis dermatitsis of the head, neck and trunk
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| How do you treat rabbit mits? | Ivermectin every 2 weeks for 3 treatments, clean environment
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| What venereal disease affects rabbits? | Rabbit Syphilus (Trepenema paraluiscuniculi), transmission is direct contact, clinica disease uncommon, may cause metritis and abortion in females
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| What are the CS of rabbit syphilus? | vesicular swelling, dry scaliness on prepuce/vulva, macules, papules, and ulcers
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| How do you dx and tx rabbit syphilus? | Dx: fluorescent Ab test, darkfield microscopy, silver stains
Tx: procaine penicillin IM
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