Radiation Protection Review
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| show | Tissue weighting factor (Wt). Radiation weighting factor (Wr)
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| show | Tissue weighting factor (Wt).
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| show | 5 rem for the whole body, 50 rem for the skin & extremities, 15 rem for the lens of the eye. 1 rem = 10 mSv. 50 mSv for whole body. 500 mSv for skin/extrmities & 150 mSv for lens of the eye.
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| What is the formula to calculate Equivalent Dose? | show 🗑
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| What is the formula to calculate Effective Dose? | show 🗑
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| show | Within the first trimester
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| What is the Cumulative Effective Dose? What is the radiation unit? How would it be determined? | show 🗑
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| show | NRC, Agreement States, EPA, FDA, OSHA.
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| show | The NRC. The ICRP.
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| As field area & part thickness increases, what happens to the scatter factor? | show 🗑
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| show | ICRP, NCRP, UNSCEAR, NAS/NRC-BEIR
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| show | 5 mSv (.5 rem) for the gestational period & not to exceed .5 mSv per month (.005 rem, or 5 mrem).
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| What type of x-ray interaction with matter is responsible for the majority of scatter reaching the IR? | show 🗑
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| Which type of x-ray interaction does the incident photon eject an outer shell electron while doing so, being deflected with less energy as scatter? | show 🗑
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| With mA increased, how is ESE affected as the the SSD is increased? Why is the mA increased with the increased SSD? | show 🗑
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| When must someone be monitored for radiation exposure? | show 🗑
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| What is the the threshold range of Acute Radiation Syndrome for the GI system to be affected? How will the illness manifest itself? | show 🗑
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| What is considered 2ndry radiation? | show 🗑
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| show | Non linear (Sigmoid Curve) threshold dose response relationship
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| show | Linear dose response non threshold.
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| show | Within the early part of the 2nd to 10th week. In the latter part of the 1st trimester 2nd to 10th week. During the 1st 2 weeks of gestation. If fetal irradiation occurs during the 2nd to 3rd trimester.
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| show | Fractionated. It's a less harmful effect than if the radiation were delivered all at once. The body has a chance to repair itself between doses when it's fractionated. Whole body dose can depress many functions.
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| show | Medical & dental x-ray account for 90% of artificial man made radiation.
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| show | Rem
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| show | Absorption
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| show | 0.25 mm Pb equivalent is required for lead aprons. NCRP recommends 0.50 Pb equivalent.
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| show | Nonstochastic effects. Stochastic effects.
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| What limit may leakage radiation not exceed while the x-ray tube is operated at maximum potential? | show 🗑
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| show | High speed intensifying screens enable the use of lower mAs values, while increased SID requires higher mAs values.
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| show | 2.1 R/min/mA @ 80 kVp
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| What is the HVL (Half Value Layer)? | show 🗑
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| show | Pelvis for male. L-Spine for female.
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| show | The stomach & UGI tract are the highest with a 100 mrad "mean" dose.
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| show | The % of time the primary beam is directed towards a particular wall. The # of x-ray exposures made per week.
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| What is the term for the reduction in x-ray photon intensity as it passes through material? | show 🗑
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| What is the process of radiation passing through tissue & depositing energy through ionization process? | show 🗑
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| Which of the following will affect both the quality & quantity of the primary beam...HVL, kVp, mA? | show 🗑
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| show | Lymphocytes
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| What is the approximate intensity of the the scatter from a patient at 1 meter from them? What is the formula to figure out the intensity 1 m from the patient? | show 🗑
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| The occupational dose limits is valid for which type of ionizing radiations? | show 🗑
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| Are blood changes & erythmia considered early, or late effects of radiation exposure? Is carcinogenesis early, or late effects? Is carcinogenisis on a linear non threshold dos response, or linear threshold? | show 🗑
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| show | Stochastic effects. Carcinogenesis (development of cancer) & genetic effects.
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| show | Non stochastic responses
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| If a quantity of radiation is delivered to the body over a short period of time, will the effects be greater, or less than, if it were delivered over a long period of time? | show 🗑
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| show | No.
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| show | 2.5 mm Al eq @ 70 kVp.
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| show | Pocket Dosimeter (Pocket Ionization Chamber). It does not provide a permanent legal record.
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| Which of the following can be used to describe x-ray beam quality.....mA, HVL, kVp, Intensity, Dose rate? What is the principal (qualitative )factor of beam quality? | show 🗑
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| Which of the following factors contribute to the amount of scattered radiation produced..... Radiation quality, field size, grid ratio? | show 🗑
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| What factors affect the amount of radiation produced? How do these factors affect scatter produced? | show 🗑
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| What is the qualitative factor (weighting factor) of the following radiations.....fast neutrons, alpha particles, protons, Dx x-rays & gamma rays? What is the ranking of Relative Biological Effectiveness (RBE) from least damaging to most? | show 🗑
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| show | The small bowel
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| show | Fractionation is when the dose is delivered in portions. Protraction is when the dose is delivered over time. When the dose is deliverd in portions over time, the less the tissue effect.
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| Where is Bremsstrahlung (Brems) radiation produced? Does is it start as an incident electron, or photon? Is there a loss of energy when Brems radiation is produced? Why is this? | show 🗑
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| What does an increase in HVL, or filtration also increase? | show 🗑
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| show | Main-chain scission, cross-linking & point lesions.
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| What is the predominant radiation interaction in the body? Why is this? | show 🗑
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| show | Leukemia, genetic effects & malignant disease
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| show | Chromosome abberation, cell death & malignant disease
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| What happens to the incident electron in the production of characteristic radiation at the Tungsten target? How is the x-ray photon produced? | show 🗑
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| What are the 2 type of radiation produced at the Tungsten target? | show 🗑
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| What is Hypoxic conditions? Anoxic? How does biologic material irradiated in these environments compare with a highly oxygenated state? | show 🗑
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| show | Yes, Yes, Yes
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| show | 0.1 rem (100 mrem, or 1 mSv) in any given year.
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| show | No less than 15 inches for a fixed fluoroscopy unit. No less than 12 inches for a mobile unit.
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| The radiation dose to an individual depends on which of the following,....type of tissue interaction, qty of radiation, biologic differences? | show 🗑
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| show | All of them
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| show | 20 mR
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| Can mAs be decreased with the use of higher speed intensifying screen? Why? | show 🗑
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| Which of the following is most responsible for patient dose......Compton scatter, Classical scatter, Thompson scatter, Photoelectric effect? | show 🗑
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| What is the TEDE (Total Effective Dose Equivalent) for occupational workers? | show 🗑
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| What type of cells are Myelocytes?What type of cells are Myocytes? | show 🗑
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| Are genetic alterations stochastic, or non stochastic? | show 🗑
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| show | Stochastic effects
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| show | Non Stochastic
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| The total # of x-ray photons produced at the target are contingent upon which....tube current, target material, square of kV? | show 🗑
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| How much of a difference in exposure factors would be making an exposure w/o a grid in comparison to an 8:1 grid be? | show 🗑
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| show | 375-698 mR for an abdomen. 290-485 mR for a thoracic spine.
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| show | Short SID
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| show | 2 rad/min/mA
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| Does increasing the kV applied to the x-ray tube increase the patient absorption? Why? | show 🗑
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| show | It is low LET low energy
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| In radiation protection, the product of absorbed dose and the correct modifying factor (rad x QF) is used to determine...rem, curie, radiation quality, roentgen? | show 🗑
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| show | rem.
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| How does filtration affect the primary beam.....increases the average energy of the primary beam, decreases the average energy of the primary beam, makes the primary beam more penetrating, increases the intensity of the primary beam? | show 🗑
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| What is the term used to describe x-ray photon interaction with matter and the transference of part of the photon's energy to matter? | show 🗑
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| The radiographer's radiation monitor report must include which of the following information....Lifetime dose equivalent, Quarterly dose equivalent, Inception date? | show 🗑
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| show | 200 rad
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| Which of the following is (are) possible long-term somatic effects of radiation exposure......blood changes, cataractogenesis, embryologic effects? | show 🗑
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| Primary radiation barriers must be at least how high? | show 🗑
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| show | No
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| show | Genetic effects
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| An area occupied by persona trained in radiation safety & wearing personnel monitoring devices is called which of the following....controlled area, uncontrolled area, off limits area, radiation area? | show 🗑
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| The exposure switch in an imaging room must keep the radiographer behind which of the following.....primary protective barrier, x-ray tube, door, 2ndry protective barrier? | show 🗑
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| show | Characteristic radiation production. The cascade of the electrons filling the shell below them that had an electron ejected.
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| Which of the following Acute Radiation Syndrome has the lowest whole body threshold dose......Carcinogenic syndrome, hematopoietic syndrome, GI syndrome, CNS syndrome? | show 🗑
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