AQA GCSE Physics P3
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| show | The turning effect of a force, in Newton metres.
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| show | By increasing the force, or increasing the distance to the pivot.
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| show | The place on an object where its mass can be thought to be concentrated.
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| Where will the centre of mass be on a freely suspended object? | show 🗑
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| Where is the centre of mass on a symmetrical object? | show 🗑
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| What does it mean if an object is in equilibrium? | show 🗑
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| What acts through the centre of mass? | show 🗑
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| show | It will tend to topple over.
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| How can the stability of an object be increased? | show 🗑
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| show | Centripetal acceleration
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| show | Centripetal force
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| show | The object moves at a tangent to the circle.
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| How can the centripetal force by increased? | show 🗑
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| What happens to the gravitational force between two bodies when the distance between them increases? | show 🗑
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| show | The force of gravity acting from the Earth on an object.
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| What shape are planetary orbits? | show 🗑
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| show | The further away from the sun, the less speed needed, the closer to the sun, the more speed needed.
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| show | It will decrease.
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| show | Monitoring climate and the weather, spying, space research, navigation and communication.
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| show | A geostationary orbit - They stay at the same place above the earth's surface, as they have an orbit above the equator that takes 24 hours to complete.
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| show | Sending telephone and TV signals, and at about 36000 km above the Earth.
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| What type of orbit does a monitoring satellite have, and what does this mean? | show 🗑
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| show | Two or three hours - the height of the orbit is much lower than a geostationary orbit.
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| show | The incident ray is the one travelling towards the mirror, and the reflected ray is the one coming away.
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| show | The line at right angles (perpendicular) to the mirror at the point where the incident ray hits the mirror
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| show | The angle of incidence is the angle between the incident ray and the normal, and gthe angle of reflection is the angle between the reflected ray and the normal. They are equal.
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| show | A diffuse reflection
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| What is the name of the reflection that occurs when light reflects from an even surface, such as a mirror? | show 🗑
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| show | Upright, the same size as the object, the same distance behind the mirror as the object in front, virtual
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| show | A real image can be formed on a screen because the rays of light that produce the image actually pass through it, while a virtual image cannot be formed on a screen because the rays of light only appear to pass through it.
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| What is the focal length of a mirror? | show 🗑
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| What type of image is produced when an object is placed beyond the principal focus of a mirror? | show 🗑
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| What type of image is produced when an object is placed between the principal focus and the mirror? | show 🗑
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| show | Virtual, upright - smaller than the object and behind the mirror.
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| What are convex mirrors used for, and why? | show 🗑
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| show | Waves cahnge speed when they cross a boundary - the wavelength also changes, but not the frequency.
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| What does the change in speed of the waves cause? | show 🗑
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| What happens when light enters a more dense substance? | show 🗑
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| What happens when light enters a less dense substance? | show 🗑
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| show | dispersion
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| Which lights are refracted the least and the most? | show 🗑
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| What happens to parallel rays of light that pass through a convex (converging) lens? | show 🗑
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| show | A real, inverted image
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| What tyope of image is formed if the object is closer to the lens than the principal focus? | show 🗑
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| show | They are refracted so that they diverge away from the principal focus
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| What type of image is always produced by a diverging lens? | show 🗑
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| What is the line on ray diagrams through the centre of the lens and at right angles to it called? | show 🗑
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| What are the three construction rays needed on a ray diagram? | show 🗑
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| show | A converging lens, forms a real image of an object on a film or array of pixels.
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| What sort of lens is used on a magnifying glass? | show 🗑
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| show | Mechanical vibrations in a substance, as a wave.
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| show | A vacuum, listening to a ringing bell in a bell jar
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| show | Solids and gases
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| show | 20-20,000 Hz
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| show | Sound waves are longitudinal, and the direction of the vibrations is the same as the direction in which the wave travels. Light waves are transverse, and vibrate at right angles to the direction that they travel in.
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| Which things reflect (echo) and absorb sounds? | show 🗑
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| Where does the refraction of sound waves take place? | show 🗑
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| What does increasing the amplitude of a sound do? | show 🗑
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| show | The pitch increases.
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| show | A pure waveform
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| show | One that is a mixture of different frequencies - instruments have different sounds because they produce different waveforms.
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| show | Ultrasound
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| show | When a wave meets a boundary between two different materials it is reflected and travels back through the material to a detector. The time it takes to reach the detector is used to calculate how far away this is, and an image is produced by a computer.
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| Name three uses of ultrasound. | show 🗑
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| show | The force a wire carrying an electric current experiences when placed in a magnetic field
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| show | It is at maximum when the wire is at an angle of 90* to the magnetic field, and zero if the wire is parallel.
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| show | Increasing the strength of the magnetic field, or increasing the size of the current.
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| How can the direction of the force on the wire be reversed? | show 🗑
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| Why does the coil spin when a current passes through it? | show 🗑
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| How can you speed up an electric motor? | show 🗑
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| What is the role of the split ring commutator? | show 🗑
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| show | A potential difference is induced across the ends of the wire/coil. If they are aprt of a complete circuit a potential difference is induced.
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| What happens if you reverse the direction of movement of the wire or the polarity of the magnet? | show 🗑
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| How can the size of the induced pd be increased? | show 🗑
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| What is the difference between a dynamo and a generator? | show 🗑
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| show | The peak value of the alternating current increases, the frequency of the alternating current increases.
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| Why do transformers only work for alternating current? | show 🗑
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| Why are the wires insulated? | show 🗑
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| show | In a step up transfomer the secondary coil has more turns, whereas in a step down transformer the primary coil has more turns.
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| Why does the National Grid use transformers? | show 🗑
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| How long ago do scientists think the Big Bang took place? | show 🗑
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| When did the nuclei of the lightest elements form? | show 🗑
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| show | As the universe expanded over millions of years, and its temperature fell.
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| What are very large groups of stars called? | show 🗑
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| How do stars emit visible light? | show 🗑
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| How is a star first formed? | show 🗑
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| show | Dust and gas, protostar, main sequence star, red giant...white dwarf, black dwarf OR supernova, neutron star, black hole.
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| show | Gravitational forces pull dust and gas together, and the cloud becomes increasing dense, forming a protostar. As it becomes denser it gets hotter, and hydrogen and other light elements are formed.
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| Describe a main sequence star | show 🗑
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| show | When a star runs out of hydrogen nuclei, it swells into a red giant because the surface has cooled.
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| Describe a white dwarf/black dwarf | show 🗑
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| show | A large red giant will continue to collapse and then explode into a supernova, throwing debris of its outer layers into space. The core is left as a neutron star.
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| show | If a neutron star is big enough it will become a black hole - with a gravitational field so strong that even light can't escape from it.
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| Where are elements heavier than iron formed, and why? | show 🗑
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| How do we know that the sun is a second generation star? | show 🗑
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