Oskooi - World Geography - Category 2
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| Lithosphere | Earth’s crust and solid upper mantle, broken into tectonic plates
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| Plate tectonic theory | Idea that the lithosphere is made up of moving tectonic plates
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| Ring of Fire | Area around the Pacific Ocean known for frequent earthquakes and volcanoes
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| Tsunami | Large displaced walls of water created by earthquakes under or near oceans
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| Atmosphere | The air, layers of gases surrounding Earth
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| Climate | Average weather conditions of a place over a long period of time
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| Latitude | Coordinate measuring north and south of the equator (0 degrees); primary element of climate and a strong influence on settlement
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| Elevation | Measurement above or below sea level
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| Monsoons | seasonal prevailing wind in the region of the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia (summer wet/winter dry)
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| Hydrosphere | Earth’s water
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| Water cycle (hydrologic cycle) | Movement of water between evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and transpiration
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| Precipitation | Water that moves from the atmosphere to the Earth’s surface (rain, snow, hail, etc. . .)
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| Glacier | Large sheets of slow moving ice
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| Biosphere | All life forms on Earth
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| Vegetation | Type of plants an area supports
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| Biomes | Different regions which support various kinds of life (i.e. forest, grassland, desert, and tundra)
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| Erosion | Processes by which rock, sand, and soil are broken down and carried away (i.e. weathering, glaciation)
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| Weathering | Wearing away of Earth’s surface caused by wind, water, ice, or chemicals
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| Soil-building | Process where the breakdown of rocks and organic materials creates arable (farmable) land
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| Human Environmental Interaction (HEI) | How humans adapt, change, and modify their environment
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| Carrying Capacity | The amount of life a piece of land can support
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| Demographics | Profile of human population at a given time, with data broken out into categories
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| Per capita | Per person, average for each person
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| Gross domestic product (GDP) | Measure of a nation’s income; value of all the goods and services a nation produces within their country
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| Life expectancy | Average age a population lives to; mortality rate
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| Literacy | % of population that can read and write competently
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| Infant mortality rate | Number of infants who die for every thousand births
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| Human Development Index (HDI) | Formula used to categorize the development level of nations (less developed, newly industrialized, and more developed)
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| Standard of living | Quality of life based on some measure such as number of cars, accessibility of medical care, education, etc. .
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| Population Pyramids | Graph showing % of males and females by age group for a population
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| Globalization | Spreading of a phenomenon or culture traits worldwide
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| Trade networks | Major patterns of exchange in specific regions
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| Chokepoint | A narrow, strategically significant area where trade could be easily blocked or controlled
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| Pandemic | World wide spread of disease over time
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| Sustainable development | Using resources to meet present needs while protecting the resources and environment for the future
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| Renewable resources | Resources which are replenished over time
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| Non-renewable resources | Resources which can only be used once or are not easily replenished
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| Settlement | Where people live
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| Urban | City
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| Rural | Country
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| Urbanization | Mass movement of people from farms to cities; growth of city into surrounding countryside
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| Megalopolis | Continuous urban region including several cities
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| Agriculture | Farming
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| Deforestation | The clearing of forest covering
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| Desertification | The process of changing into desert, lack of rainfall causes desert conditions to expand/grow
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| Industrialization | Development of a system which supports machine production of goods
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| Irrigation | Man-made system to provide water to less arid areas
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