Lake Park - AP Human Geography - Chapter 1 Vocabulary
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| Cartography | The science of making maps
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| Concentration | The spread of something over a given area
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| Contagious Diffusion | The rapid, widespread diffusion of a feature or a trend throughout a population
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| Cultural Ecology | Geographic approach that emphasizes human-environment relationships
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| Cultural Landscape | Fashioning of a natural landscape by a cultural group
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| Density | The frequency with which something exists in a given unit of area
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| Diffusion | The process of spread of a feature or trend from one place to another over time
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| Distance Decay | The diminishing in importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin
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| Distribution | The arrangement of something across Earth’s surface
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| Environmental Determinism | A nineteenth- and early twentieth-century approach to the study of geography. The study of how the physical environment caused human activities
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| Expansion Diffusion | The spread of a feature or a trend among people from one area to another in a snowballing process
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| Formal Region (or uniform or homogeneous region) | An area in which everyone shares in one or more distinctive characteristics
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| Functional Region (nodal region) | An area organized around a node or focal point
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| Geographic Information System (GIS) | A computer that stores, organizes, analyzes, and displays geographic data
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| Global Positioning System (GPS) | A system that determines the precise position of something on Earth through a series of satellites, tracking stations, and receivers
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| Globalization | Actions or processes that involve the entire world and result in making something worldwide in scope
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| Hearth | The region from which innovative ideas originate
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| Hierarchical Diffusion | The spread of a feature or trend from one key person or node of authority to other persons or places
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| Mental Map | An internal representation of a portion of Earth’s surface based on what an individual knows about a place, containing personal impressions of what is in a place and where places are located
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| Pattern | The geometric or regular arrangement of something in a study area
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| Place | A specific point on Earth distinguished by a particular character
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| Possibilism | The theory that the physical environment may set limits on human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to the physical environment and choose a course of action from many alternatives
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| Projection | The system used to transfer locations from Earth’s surface to a flat map
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| Region | An area distinguished by a unique combination of trends or features
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| Relocation Diffusion | The spread of a feature or a trend through bodily movement of people from one place to another
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| Remote Sensing | The acquisition of data about Earth’s surface from a satellite orbiting the planet or other long-distance methods
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| Scale | Generally, the relationship between a portion of Earth being studied and Earth as a whole, specifically the relationship between the size of an object on a map and the size of the actual feature on Earth’s surface
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| Site | The physical character of a plain
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| Situation | The location of a place relative to other places
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| Space-Time Compression | The reduction in time it takes to diffuse something to a distant place, as a result of improved communications and transportation systems
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| Toponym | The name given to a portion of Earth’s surface
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| Transnational Corporation | A company that conducts research, operates factories, and sells products in many countries, not just where its headquarters or shareholders are located
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| Vernacular Region (or perceptual region) | An area that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity
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| Human Geography | One of the two major divisions of geography; the spatial analysis of human population, its cultures, activities, and landscapes
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| Physical Geography | One of the two major divisions of systematic geography; the spatial analysis of the structure, processes, and location of the Earth’s natural phenomena such as climate, soil, plants, animals, and topography
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| Spatial Perspective | Observing variations in geographic phenomena across space
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| Spatial Distribution | Physical location of geographic phenomena across space
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| Location Theory | A logical attempt to explain the locational pattern of an economic activity and the manner in which its producing areas are interrelated. The agricultural location theory in the von Thünen model is a leading example
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| Sense of Place | State of mind derived through the infusion of a place with meaning and emotion by remembering important events that occurred in that place or by labeling a place with a certain character
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| Perception of Place | Belief or ‘understanding’ about a place developed through books, movies, stories, or pictures
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| Time-Distance Decay | The declining degree of acceptance of an idea or innovation with increasing time and distance from its point of origin or source
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| Globalization | The expansion of economic, political, and cultural processes to the point that they become global in scale and impact. The process of globalization transcend state boundaries and have outcomes that vary across places and scales
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| Region | The third theme of geography; an area on the Earth’s surface marked by a degree of formal, functional, or perceptual homogeneity of some phenomenon
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| Connectivity | The degree of direct linkage between one particular location and other locations in a transport network
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| Cultural Ecology | The multiple interactions and relationships between a culture and natural environment
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| Political Ecology | An approach to studying nature-society relations that is concerned with the ways in which environmental issues both reflect, and are the result of, the political and socioeconomic contexts in which they are situated
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| Cultural Landscape | The natural landscape as modified by human activities and bearing the imprint of a culture group or society; the built environment
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| Spatial Distribution | The arrangement of things on the Earth’s surface; the descriptive elements of spatial distribution are density, dispersion, and pattern
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| Spatial Interaction | The movement (e.g. of people, goods, information) between different places; an indication of interdependence between different geographic locations or areas
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| Environmental Determinism | Stated that human behaviors are a direct result of their environment. This philosophy gave some people the justification to believe that Europeans were smarter than other peoples, because they live in a more temperate climate
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| Migration Diffusion | The term used to describe the physical spread of people moving from one place to another
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| Possibilist | An approach to geography favored by contemporary geographers that suggests that humans are not a product of their environment but possess skills necessary to change their environment to satisfy human needs
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| Spatial Interaction | Concerned with how linked a place is to the outside world, this theme of geography deals mainly with the area, because how well an area is connected to the world determines its importance
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| Environmental Geography | The intersection between human and physical geography, which explores the spatial impacts humans have on the physical environment and vice versa
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| Natural Landscape | The physical landscape or environment that has not been affected by human activities
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| Physical Geography | The realm of geography that studies the structure, processes, distributions, and change through time of natural phenomena of the Earth’s surface
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| Carl Sauer | Geographer who defined the concept of cultural landscape as the fundamental unit of geographical analysis. Sauer argued that virtually no landscape has escaped alteration by human activities
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| Spatial Perspective | An intellectual framework that looks at the particular locations of specific phenomena, how and why that phenomena is where it is, and, finally, how it is spatially relates to phenomena in other places
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| Accessibility | The relative ease with which a destination may be reached from some other place
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| Complementarity | The actual or potential relationship between two places, usually referring to economic interactions
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| Connectivity | The degree of economic, social, cultural, or political connection between two places
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| Friction of Distance | A measure of how much absolute distance affects the interaction between to places
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| Gravity Model | A mathematical formula that describes the level of interaction between two places, based on size of their populations and their distance from each other
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| Time-Space Convergence | The idea that the distance between some places is actually shrinking as technology enables more rapid communication and increased interaction between those places
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| Transferability | The costs involved in moving goods from one place to another
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