Covers required drugs for lectures 61 and 62 antiparasitics 1&2
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| show | E. histolytica, only useful in treatment of intestinal amebiasis
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| show | liberates iodine which is the active amebicide
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| What is the pharmacology of Iodoquinol* | show 🗑
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| Side effects of Iodoquinol* | show 🗑
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| What is Paromomycin* used to treat | show 🗑
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| show | It acts on protein synthesis by binding to the 16S ribosomal RNA of the 30S ribosomal subunit, it is an aminoglycoside antibiotic
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| show | Poorly absorbed from the intestine.
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| What are the side effects of Paromomycin* | show 🗑
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| show | Iodoquinol*, Paromomycin*
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| Drugs used to treat Mixed amebicides | show 🗑
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| show | Nitazoxanide* is about 80% effective and is approved for treatment of children over 12 months.
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| What is used to treat Cyclospora cayetanensis: causes diarrhea in AIDS patients | show 🗑
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| What is used to treat Giardia lamblia: cause of traveler's diarrhea from water contamination | show 🗑
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| show | Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX)*
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| show | Metronidazole*. periodic vinegar douches in women can restore the protective acidic environment of the vagina (T vaginalis can't survive a pH below 4.9)
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| Metronidazole* is used to treat what | show 🗑
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| What is the mechanism of action of Metronidazole* | show 🗑
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| show | well absorbed by the GI tract, extensively metabolized (metabolite are mutagenic), eliminated by the kidneys
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| show | GI upset, metallic taste. DISULFIRAM-like effect if taken within 24 hrs of EtOH consumption. Rarely,nervous system toxicities: weakness, paresthesias, vertigo, and ataxia. Avoid in pregnancy carcinogenic/teratogenic in animals mutagenic in bacteria
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| show | FDA approved to treat giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis in kids over 1. May be effective against other intestinal parasites including helminths. Good for Metronidazole resistant organism because it has a different mechanism
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| What is the mechanism of action of Nitazoxanide* | show 🗑
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| What is the pharmacology of Nitazoxanide* | show 🗑
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| show | The active metabolite of Nitazoxanide* liberated by hydrolysis in the blood
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| show | Very mild, not significantly different from placebo. No known drug interactions. Safety in pregnant or lactating women not proven.
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| What are the common diseases in AIDS patients | show 🗑
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| show | Pyrimethamine* with sulfadizine*. (leucovorin to prevent pyrimethamine induced bone marrow suppression). Pregnant women should not take pyrimethamine*.
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| show | Leucovorin a folinic acid supplement to prevent bone marrow suppression.
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| What prophylactic treatment can be given for toxoplasma seropositive HIV patients with low CD4 counts | show 🗑
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| What is the treatment for Pneumocystis jiroveci (PCP): which presents as a respiratory illness in immunocompromised individuals | show 🗑
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| What is the Prophylactic treatment of PCP | show 🗑
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| What is the mechanism of action of pyrimethamine* | show 🗑
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| What is Atovaquone used to treat | show 🗑
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| show | An inhibitory analog of ubiquinone which interferes with mitochondrial electron transport and related processes
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| What is the pharmacology of Atovaquone | show 🗑
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| show | Few which include: rash, fever, vomiting, and headache
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| What are 3 drugs that interfere with Folate and where do they act | show 🗑
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| What are the sources of Folate | show 🗑
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| What is Pentamidine Isethionate* used to treat | show 🗑
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| What is the mechanism of Pentamidine Isethionate* | show 🗑
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| What is the pharmacology of Pentamidine Isethionate* | show 🗑
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| show | Immediate effects: hypotension, tachycardia, dizziness, fainting, headaches and vomiting. Reversible renal and hepatic damage seen. Also, selectively toxic to pancreatic beta cells, causing insulin release and hypoglycemia, and eventually irreversible DM
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| What is the treatment for Babesia microti: transmitted by deer tick presents as hemolytic anemia with fever, weakness, jaundice, and hepatosplenomegaly | show 🗑
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| show | T. brucei gambiense(W. Africa): inital stage Pentamidine*, late stage Melarsoprol or Eflorinithine*. T. brucei rhodesiense(E. Africa): initial stage Suramin, late stage Melarsoprol
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| What is the treatment of choice for Trypanosomiasis meningoencephalitis | show 🗑
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| What is the treatment of American Trypanosomiasis (Chagas Disease) caused by T. Cruzi: transmitted by blood-sucking triatomid bugs and causing cardiac myopathy and chronic GI disease | show 🗑
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| What is the treatment of Leishmaniais: transmitted by the sandfly causing either visceral leishmaniasis, cutaneous leishmaaniasis, or mucocutaneous leishmaniasis | show 🗑
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| show | Late stage trypanosomiasis
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| show | Suicide inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase(key enzyme of polyamine biosynthesis and a requisite for DNA synthesis and cell replication). It has a 10 fold greater affinity for the parasite enzyme than for the host enzyme
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| show | associated with the disappearance of trypanosomes from body fluids, sometimes within one day
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| show | Generally well-tolerated but can cause diarrhea, abdominal pain, and anemia.
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| show | Used only for the meningoencephalitic stages of sleeping sickness becuase of toxicity and because it's class is the only one that can cross the blood brain barrier
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| What is the mechanism of Melarsoprol | show 🗑
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| What is the the pharmacology of Melarsoprol | show 🗑
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| What are the side effects of Melarsoprol | show 🗑
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| What is Nifurtimox used for | show 🗑
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| What is the mechanism of Nifurtimox | show 🗑
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| show | Well absorbed from the GI and extensively metabolized
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| show | High incidence: CNS disturbances with transitory convulsive episodes, stiffness, and weakness in the limbs
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| show | Treatment of all three forms of Leishmaniasis
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| show | It is a prodrug which is converted to a trivalent form that may inhibit the parasite's phosphofructokinase, the rate-limiting step in glycolysis
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| What are the side effects of Sodium Stibogluconate | show 🗑
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| What is Suramin used for | show 🗑
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| What is the mechanism of Suramin | show 🗑
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| show | Administered by slow i.v. binds tightly to serum proteins which cause it to remain in circulation for prolonged periods. Small test doses administered first
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| What are the side effects of Suramin | show 🗑
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