A&P 2 Digestion Part 2
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| enterogastric reflex | The reflexive inhibition of gstric secretion; initiated by the arrival of chyme in the small intestine.
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| hormone | A compound that is secreted by one cell and travels through the circulatory system to affect the activities of cells in another portion of the body.
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| vermiform appendis | A blind tube connected to the cecum of the large intestine.
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| enterokinase | An enzyme in the lumen of the small intestine that activates the proenzymes secreted by the pancreas.
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| bile | The exocrine secretion of the liver; stored in the gallbladder and ejected into the duodenum.
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| urobilin | A compound derived from urobilinogen and ultimately from the bilirubin excreted in bile.
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| plica (PLI-ka) | A permanent transverse fold in the wall of the small intestine.
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| anal canal | The distal portion of the rectum that contains the anal columns and ends at the anus.
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| peptidases | Enzymes that split peptide bonds and release amino acids.
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| ileum | The distal 2.5 m of the small intestine.
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| pepsin | A proteolytic enzyme secreted by the chief cells of the gastric glands in the stomach.
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| submandibular salivary glands | Salivary glands nestled in depressions on the medial surfaces of the mandible; salivary glands that produce a mixture of mucins and enzymes (salivary amylase).
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| proteinase (also protease) | An enzyme that breaks down proteins into peptides and amino acids.
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| peristalsis | A wave of smooth muscle contractions that propels materials along the axis of a tube such as the digestive tract, the ureters or the ductus deferens.
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| protease (also proteinase) | An enzyme that breaks down proteins into peptides and amino acids.
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| enamel | Crystalline material similar in mineral composition to bone, but harder and without osteocytes, that covers the exposed surfaces of the teeth.
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| bolus | A compact mass; usually refers to compacted ingested material on its way to the stomach.
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| local hormone (also prostaglandin) | A fatty acid secreted by one cell that alters the metabolic activities or sensitivities of adjacent cells; also calle prostoglandin.
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| digestion | The chemical breakdown of ingested materials into simple molecules that can be absorbed by the cells of the digestive tract.
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| pancreatic duct | A tubular duct that carries pancreatic juice from the pancreas to the duodenum.
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| pancreatic islets | Aggregations of endocrine cells in the pancreas; also called islets of Langerhans.
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| muscularis mucosae | This layer of smooth muscle beneath the lamina propria; responsible for moving the mucosal surface.
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| bilirubin | A pigment that is the by-product of the hemoglobin catabolism.
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| jejunum | The middle part of the small intestine.
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| serosa | See serous membrane.
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| elastase (e-LAS-tas) | A pancreatic enzyme that breaks down elastin fibers.
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| intrinsic factor | A glycoprotein, secreted by the parietal cells of the stomach, that facilitates the intestinal absorption of vitamin B12.
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| protein | A large polypeptide with a complex structure.
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| elimination | The ejection of wastes from the bocy through urination or defecation.
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| CCK cholecystokinin | A duodenal hormone that stimulates the contraction of the gallbladder and the secretion of enzymes by the exocrine pancreas; also called pancreozymin.
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| carboxypeptidase (kar-bok-se-PEP-ti-das) | A protease that breaks down proteins and releases amino acids.
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| proenzyme | An inactive enzyme secreted by an epithelial cell.
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| alveolus/alveoli | Blind pockets at the end of the respiratory tree, lined by a simple squamous epithelium and surrounded by a capillary network; sites of gas exchange with the blood; a bony socket that holds the root of a tooth.
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| myenteric plexus | Parasympathetic motor neurons and sympathetic postganglionic fibers located between the circular and longitudinal layers of the muscularis externa.
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| pulp cavity | The internal chamber in a tooth, containing blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves, and the cells that maintain the dentin.
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| hydrolysis | The breakage of a chemical bond through the addition of a water molecule; the reverse of dehydration synthesis.
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| gallbladder | The pear-shaped reservoir for bile after it is secreted by the liver.
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| cancer | An illness caused by mutations leading to the uncontrolled growth and replication of the affected cells.
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| bicuspid | Having two cusps or leafs; refers to a premolar tooth, which has two roots, or to the left AV valve, which has two cusps.
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| mass peristalsis | A powerful peristaltic contraction that moves fecal materials along the colon and into the rectum.
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| ingestion | The introduction of materials into the digestive tract by way of the mouth.
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| cardia | The area of the stomach surrounding its connection with the esophagus.
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| gastric glands | The tubular glands of the stomach whose cells produce acid, enzymes, intrinsic factor, and hormones.
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| carbohydrase | An enzyme that breaks down carbohydrate molecules.
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| anoxia | Tissue oxygen deprivation.
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| excretion | A removal from body fluids.
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| trypsinogen | The inactive proenzyme that is secreted by the pancreas and is converted to trypsin in the duodenum.
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| monosaccharide | A simple sugar, such as glucose or ribose.
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| facilitated diffusion | The passive movement of a substance across a cell membrane by means of a protein carrier.
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| dentin | The bonelike material that forms the body of a tooth; differs from bone in that it lacks osteocytes and osteons.
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