Rad 120 Postioning
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| How many bones are in the foot? | 26
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| How many phalanges are in the foot? | 14
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| How many tarsals are in the foot? | 7
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| How many metatarsals are in the foor? | 5
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| For descriptive purposes what are the divisions of the foot? | forefoot, midfoot,and hindfoot
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| What does the forefoot include? | metatarsals and the toes
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| What does the midfoot include? | 5 tarsal bones
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| What are the 5 tarsal bones? | Navicular, talus, medial cuneiform, lateral cuneiform, and intermediate cunieform
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| What does the hindfot include? | calcaneous and the talus
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| What are the names for the two arches that the foot bones form? | longitudinal and transverse arches
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| What is the function of the longitudinal arch? | acts as a shock absorber to distribute the weight of the body in all directions which permits a smooth walk.
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| What is the function of the transverse arch? | It runs from side to side and assists in supporting the longitudinal arch
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| What is the term used for the superior surface of the foot? | dorsum or dorsal surface
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| What is the term for the inferior or posterior aspect of the foot? | plantar surface
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| How many phalanges does the great toe consist of? | 2
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| How many phalanges does the 2nd through 5th digit of the toes have? | 3 in each
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| What is the expanded proximal end of the metatarsals called? | the base
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| What is the small, rounded distal ends of the metatarsals called? | The head
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| What metatarsal is the shortest and the thickest? | The first metatarsal
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| What metatarsal is the longest? | second metatarsal
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| The base of the fifth metatarsal consists of what? | a prominent tuberosity
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| Where is the most common site of fractures in the toes? | in the prominent tuberosity of the 5th metatarsal
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| What are the names of the 7 tarsal bones in the foot? | calcaneous, talus, navicular, cubiod, medial cuneiform, intermediate cunieform, and lateral cunieform
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| what is the largest and strongest tarsal bone? | calcaneous
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| What is another name for the calaneous? | os calcis
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| What is the prjection of the calcaneous? | posteriorly and medially at the distal part of the foot
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| Where is the long axis of the calcaneous directed? | inferiorly
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| What does the calcaneous form? | approximately a 30 degree angle
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| What does the posterior and inferior portion of the calcaneous contain? | the posterior tuberosity
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| superiorly what joins with the talus? | 3 articular facets
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| what are the facets called? | anterior, middle, and posterior facets
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| What is the groove of the the posterior talar articular facet(calcaneal sulcus) and the groove of the inferior surface of the talus called? | Sinus tarsi
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| what is the shelflike overhang of the calcaneous called? | Sustentaculum tali
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| what does the lateral surface of the calcaneous contain? | the trochlea
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| Second largest tarsal bone is called | talus
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| What does the talus articulate with? | tibia, fibula, calcaneous, and the navicular bone
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| Where is the head of the talus directed and what does it join? | anteriorly and has articular surfaces that join the navicular bone and the calcaneous
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| What forms the roof of the sinus tarsi? | sulcus tali
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| What bone lies on the lateral side of the foot between the calcaneous and the 4th and 5th metatarsal? | cuboid
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| what bone lies on the medial side of the foot between the talus and 3 cuneiforms? | navicular bone
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| What lies at the central and medial aspect of the foot between the navicular bone and the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd metatarsals | the cuneiforms
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| which is the largest cuneiform? | the medial cuneiform
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| what is the smallest cuneiform? | the intermediate cunieform
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| What is the bone called that lies beneath the head of the 1st metatarsal on the plantar surface of the foot | the seasmoid bones
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| How are the seasmoid bones attached? | They are actually detached from the foot and embedded within two tendons
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| What are the two bones that make up the leg? | tibia and fibula
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| This is the second largest bone in the body? | tibia
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| Where is the tibia situated and what is it know as? | on the medial side of the leg and is the weight bearing bone
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| What does the tibia consist of? | one body and two expanded extremeties
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| what is the slope of the tibial plateaus | 10-20 degrees posteriorly
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| What is the process called that is at the distal end of the tibia and medial surface called | medial malleolus
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| The anterolateral surface of the tibia is called the | anterior tubercle
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| The surface under the distal tibia is smooth and shaped for articulation with | the talus
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| Is the slender bone of the leg that contains one body and two articular extermities | fibula
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| what does the head of the fibula artculate with | the lateral condyle of the tibia
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| the lateroposterior aspect of the head of the fibula is a conic projection called the | apex
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| what is the enlarged distal end of the fibula called | lateral malleolus
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| where does the lateral malleolus lie | approximately 15-20 degrees more posteriorly than the medial malleolus
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| What is the longest, strongest, and heaviest bone in the body | the femur
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| Where do the condyles lie when the femur is vertical | the medial condyle is lower than the lateral condyle
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| How many degrees are between the two condyles of the femur | 5 to 7 degrees
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| When doing an x-ray on the knee how to you angle the central ray to open up the joint spaces and why | 5 to 7 degrees cephalad because of the 5 to 7 degree between the condyles
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| What does the superior portion of the femur articulate with | the acetabulum of the hip joint
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| Anteriorly what are the medial and lateral condyles of the distal portion of the femur seperated by | the patellar surface
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| a shallow triangular depression | patellar surface
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| a deep depression | intercondylar fossa
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| why is it important to identify the tubercle of the lateral knee on a radiograph | it identifies overrotation and underrotation
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| what passes through the trochlear groove | the popliteal blood vessels and nerves
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| another name for knee cap | patella
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| largest most constant seasmoid bone | patella
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| when does the patella develop tendon for the quadriceps femoris muscles | between age 3 and 5
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| what is the most complex joint in the human body | knee joint
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| The articulation between the phalanges | interphalangeal articulation
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| what type joint is an interphalangeal joint | hinge joint, synovial tissue that is freely moveable and provides only flexion and extension
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| What is the articualtion between the middle and proximal phalanges | proximal interphalangeal jionts
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| what is the joint in the greeat toe called | interphalangeal joint
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| The calcaneous supports the _____ | talus
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| Anteriorly the calcaneous articulates with | the cuboid to form the calcaneocuboid joint
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| the talus articuates with | the navicular bone anteriorly, supports the tibia above, and articulates with the tbia and fibula at its sides
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| the tibia articulates with the | fibula called the tibiofibular joint
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| The patella articulates with | the patella surface of the femur and is called the patellofemoral joint
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| what is the largest joint of the body | the femorotibial joint or knee joint
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| What is the IR for the AP, PA, AP Oblique, and lateral projection of the toes | 8x10
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| How do you position the patient in an AP projection | seated or supine on the table
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| What is the central ray for an AP, PA, AP Oblique and lateral projection | perpendicular
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| Where is the central centered on an AP, PA, and AP Oblique projection of the toes | 3rd MTP joint
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| what is the collimation of an AP, PA, and AP Oblique projection of the toes | 1 inch on all sides of the toes inculding 1 inch proximal to the MTP joint
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| How do you position the patient in a PA projection of the toes | Prone on table with foot on IR
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| Patients should lie how for a lateral projection of the 3rd, 4th and 5th toe | affected side(lateral recumbent)
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| patients should lie on what side for a lateral projection of the great toe and 2nd toe | unaffected side(recumbent side)
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| where is the central ray centered on a lateral projection of the toes | enter at the IP joint of the great toe or proximal IP joint of the lesser toes
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| What is the degree of angulation on the foot or toes in an AP oblique toe projection | 30 to 45 degree angle
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| what is the central ray angle on an AP axial projection of the toes | 15 degree posteriorly or toward the heel
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| What structures are shown on an AP axial and the PA projection of the toes | 14 phalanges, distal portion of all metatarsals, and the IP JOints
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| What structures are shown on an AP oblique and AP projection of the toes | 14 phalanges, distal portion of all metatarsals
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| What structures are shown on a Lateral projection of the toes | Lateral projection of phalanges of the toes and IR articulation projected free of the other toes
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| When evaulating an Ap projection of the toes what do you see | proper collimation, no rotation, soft tissue and midshaft concavity equal on both sides, toes seperated,distal metatarsal,soft tissue and bony trabecular detail
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| When evaulating an AP axial projection of the toes what do you see | proper collimation, no rotation, soft tissue and midshaft equal on both sides, toes seperated,distal metatarsal,soft tissue and bony trabecular detail, and open IP and MTP joint space
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| When evaulating an PA projection of the toes what do you see | proper collimation, no rotation, soft tissue and midshaft concavity equal on both sides,distal metatarsal, soft tissue and bony trabecular detail, and open IP and axial joint spaces
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| When evaluating an AP obligue toe what should you see | proper collimation, oblique toes and more midshaft concavity on all sides, open IR and 2nd-5th MTP, 1st MTP, toes seperated, distal portion of all metatarsals, soft tissue and bony trabecular detail
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| When evaluating the lateral toe projection what should you see | proper collimation, phalanges in profile(toenail should appear lateral), phalanx without superimposition, IP joint spaces open, MTP joints overlap, soft tissue and bony trabecular detail
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| Avulsion fracture of the medial malleolus with loss of the ankle mortise | Pott fracture
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| Avulsion fracture of the base of the 5th metatarsal | jones fracture
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| hereditary form of arthritis in which uric acid is deposited into the joints | Gout
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| What is the SID for all projections of the toes | 40 inches
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| What makes up the lower limb | foot, leg, thigh, hip
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| where does the CR enter in a plantodorsal projection of the calcaneous | 3rd metatarsal base
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| The anterior surface of the talus articulates with the | navicular bone
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| What does the tangential projection show | The sesamoid bones in profile
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| rotate the leg medially for what projection | A lateral projection of the foot
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| What joint is a ball & socket joint in the foot | talocalcanavicular joint
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| What projection has a 10 degree posterior angle to show the TMT joint | AP or AP axial of the foot
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| What is the CR entering for the foot | 3rd metatarsal base of the foot
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| What is the oblique projection of the foot | AP Oblique projection with medial rotation
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| What is the degree rotation for an Oblique foot projection | 30 degrees
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| What is the rotation of the toes in an Oblique projection | 30 to 45 degrees
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| What is the CR entering for an AP Oblique is | perpendicular to the 3rd metatarsal base
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| Why to you medially rotate for an AP Oblique projection of the foot | to show the cubiod
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| Where is the CR directed in a lateral foot | perpendicular to the base of the 3rd metatersal base
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| What is the most common postion of the patient for a mediolateral rotation of the foot | recumbent
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| The structical status of the longitudital arch is best demonstrated in what projections | lateromedial and AP Axial projections(weight-bearing)
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| What is the CR angle for the lateral calcaneous projection | 0 degrees
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| What is the CR angle for an Axial calcaneous projection | 40 degrees
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| What is the central projection for a mediolateral and lateral projection of the calcaneous | Axial plantodorsal
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| The axial plantarsurface of the calcaneous should be in what relation to the IR | 90 degrees
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| What is the CR pojection of the lateral calcaneous | 0 degrees
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| What is the essential lateral projection of the calcaneous | mediolateral
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| What is the CR angle of the axial toe projection | 15 degrees
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| Compensating filters benefits from the | calcaneous and the foot
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| What is the common projection of the foot and calcaneous | mediolateral
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| Where is the CR located on on a lateral projection of the calcaneous | 1 inch distal to the medial mallelous
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