attentuation/pathology
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| Define attenuation | the reduction in photons as the beam passes through a material.
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| Xrays are attenuated _____. | exponentially
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| Define density | the quantity of matter per unit of volume
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| What are the 4 main elements of the human body & their atomic #s? | hydrogen (1)
carbon (6)
nitrogen (7)
oxygen (8)
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| What are the 4 major substances of the body that cause variable attenuation? | air, fat, muscle & bone
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| What is the approximate atomic number of air? | 7.78
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| What is the approximate atomic number of fat? | 6.46
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| What is the approximate atomic number of muscle? | 7.64
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| What is the approximate atomic number of bone? | 12.31
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| Define pathology | the medical science of all aspects of disease
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| A visible difference requires a change in technical factors of ____%. | 25-50
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| How do additive conditions affect attenuation? How do you compensate? | increased attenuation; increase kVp 5-15%
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| abscess | encapsulated infection (additive)
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| edema | swelling (additive)
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| tumor | abnormal tissue growth (additive)
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| atelectasis | collapsed lung (additive)
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| bronchiectasis | dilated bronchi (additive)
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| cardiomegaly | enlarged heart (additive)
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| congestive heart failure | venous congestion in lungs (additive)
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| empyema | pus in thoracic cavity (additive)
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| pleural effusion | fluid in pleural cavity (additive)
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| pneumoconiosis | inhalation of dust causing scarring (additive)
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| pneumonectomy | removal of a lung (additive)
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| pneumonia | inflammation causing fluid in aveolar spaces (additive)
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| pulmonary edema | fluid in lung and alveoli (additive)
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| tuberculosis | infection causing fluid in lungs (additive)
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| aortic aneurysm | dilation of aorta (additive)
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| ascites | fluid in peritoneal cavity (additive)
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| calcified stones | (additive)
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| cirrhosis | enlarged liver (additive)
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| acromegaly | overgrowth of hands, feet, face & jaw (additive)
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| chronic osteomyelitis | bone infection causing new growth (additive)
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| hydrocephalus | enlarged head (additive)
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| osteoblastic metastases | spread of cancer to bone (additive)
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| osteochondroma | tumor in bone and cartilage (additive)
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| Paget's disease | increased bone growth (additive)
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| sclerosis | inflammation & hardening of bone (additive)
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| How do destructive conditions affect attenuation? How do you compensate? | decreased attenuation; decrease mAs 25-50%
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| anorexia nervosa | extreme weight loss (destructive)
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| atrophy | wasting away of tissue (destructive)
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| emaciation | wasting away of tissue (destructive)
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| emphysema | excess air in lung (destructive)
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| pneumothorax | air in pleural cavity (destructive)
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| aerophagia | swallowing of air
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| bowel obstruction | causes accumulation of air & fluid (destructive)
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| active osteomyelitis | infection causing loss of bone tissue (destructive)
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| aseptic necrosis | death of bone tissue (destructive)
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| carcinoma | malignancies in bone (destructive)
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| degenerative arthritis | inflammation causing destruction (destructive)
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| fibrosarcoma | tumor causing "moth-eaten" lesion (destructive)
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| gout | metabolic disease causing bone destruction (destructive)
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| hyperparathyroidism | causes calcium to leave bone (destructive)
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| multiple myeloma | malignant tumor (destructive)
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| osteolytic metastases | destruction of bone (destructive)
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| osteomalacia | defect in bone mineralization (destructive)
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| osteoporosis | defect in bone production (destructive)
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