psych/soc MCAT Word Scramble

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Question	Answer
illusion of vulnerability	creating optimism and encouragement of risk-taking
collective rationalization	ignoring warnings against group ideas
illusion of morality	believing group decisions are moral
excessive stereotyping	stereotypes constructed from group not normal to individual
pressure for conformity	pressure by group to conform, viewing individual as disloyal
self-censorship	keeping in opposing views from group
illusion of unanimity	falsely agreeing with group
mindguards	members have role of protecting group
assimilation - culture	individual's or group's behavior resemble that of another group
ethnic enclaves	China town/little Italy
anticipatory socialization	preparing for future change in status, occupation, living arrangements, relationships
resocialization	getting rid of old behaviors to favor new ones
norms	rules of society that define acceptable behavior; behavior, speech, dress, home life
mores	observed social norms
social control	norms provide this that governs behavior
taboo	socially unacceptable
folkways	norms that believe a certain behavior is polite, like shaking hands after tennis match
sanctions	penalites for misconduct to maintain social order
deviance	violation of norms
stigma	don't like HIV patients b/c have HIV
labeling theory	labels affect that person's self-image and how others perceive that person
differential association theory	deviance learned through others
aka for conformity	majority influence
normative conformity	desire to fit in for fear of rejection
internalization	changing personal behavior to fit in
indentification	accepting other's ideas w/out question
experimental example of conformity	Zimbardo's prison experiment
compliance	behavioral change due to direct request
foot-in-the-door technique	small request made, gains compliance, larger request made
door-in-the-face technique	large request made, if refused, a smaller request made
lowball technique	requestor gets commitment from individual, then raises cost of commitment; apply to money, time or effort
that's not all technique	individual makes an offer, before making decision told another deal even better
obedience	directly changing behavior in response to an authority
experiment showing obedience	Milgram; teacher/learner "please continue, no other choice"
primary socialization	childhood; initially learn acceptable actions and attitudes
secondary socialization	learning appropriate behavior w/in small groups in society. outside home based on rules of specific social environment
attitude	expression of + or - feelings towards place, person, scenario
affective (attitude)	attitude refers to way person feels toward something, emotional component of attitude
behavioral (attitude)	way person acts with respect to something
cognitive (attitude)	way individual thinks about something
four functions that attitudes serve	functional attitudes theory: knowledge, ego expression, adaptation and ego defense
knowledge, function of attitude	provides consistency and stability
ego-expressive	allow to communicate and solidify identity
adaptive, function of attitude	one will be accepted if normative values are demonstrated
ego-defensive, function of attitude	protect self-esteem or justify actions that know are wrong
learning theory	attitudes develop through different ways of learning
elaboration likelihood model	separates individuals on continuum, uses processing of persuasive information
central routine processing	deep thinking, elaborative thinking
peripheral route processing	do not elaborate in processing
social cognitive theory	people learn how to behave and shape attitudes by observing behaviors in others; behavior NOT learned by trial and error
Bandura's triadic reciprocal causation	personal factors/behavioral factors/environmental factors
statuses	positions in society used to classify others
three types of status	ascribed, achieved, master
ascribed status	given involuntarily, due to factors like race, ethnicity, gender and family background
achieved status	status gained by result of one's effort or choices, like being a doctor
master status	status which individual most identified
role	set of beliefs, values, attitudes, norms that define expectations for those who hold status
role performance	carrying out of behaviors associated with given role
role partner	person with whom one is interacting
role set	various roles associated with status
role conflict	difficulty in satisfying requirements or expectations in multiple roles
role strain	diff in satisfying multiple requires in same role
role exit	dropping one identity for another
group	2+people sharing similar characteristics and sense of unity; belonging and acceptance
peer group	group by association of self-selected equals interests, age, and status
family group	not self-selected but determined by birth rank, adoption or marriage
in-groups	groups individual belongs
out-groups	individual competes with
reference groups	groups establish terms which individuals evaluate themselves
primary group	interactions direct, close bonds warm, personal, intimate
secondary group	interactions superficial, few emotional bonds
2 major groups by Tonnies	Gemeinshcaft und Gesellschaft; community & society
interaction process analysis	technique for observing, classifying, and measuring interactions small groups
system for multiple level observation of groups (SYMLOG)	based on belief 3 fundamental dimensions of interaction: dominance vs.submission; friendliness vs. unfriendliness; instrumentally controlled vs. emotionally expressive
group conformity	individuals compliant with group goals no matter what
groupthink	like group conformity but when members begin to focus on ideas generated w/in group, ignoring outside ideas
network	describes observable pattern of social relationships among individuals and groups
immediate networds	dense strong ties
distant networks	loose ties
organizations	groups setup to get to specific goals w/in a structure and culture
characteristic institution	basic organization of society; changes throughout history
bureaucracy	rational political organization, administration, discipline and control
iron law of oligarchy	democratic or bureaucratic systems shift to being ruled by elite group
McDonaldization	shift in focus towards efficiency, predictability, calculability, and control in these societies
self-presentation	process of displaying oneself to society through culturally accepted behaviors
impression management	intentions to make another perceive a certain way about a person, place or thing
basic model of emotional expression	Darwin; emotional expression involves a number of components
appraisal model	accepts that there are biologically predetermined expressions once an emotion is experienced, but cognitive antecedent to emotion expression
social construction model	there is no biological basis for emotions; emotions based on experiences and situational context alone
display rules	cultural expectations of emotions and when and how emotions are expressed
cultural syndrome	beliefs, attitudes, norms, values, behavior among members of same culture organized around a central theme
impression management	attempts to influence how others perceive us
tactical self	person we market to others
dramaturgical approach	Goffman's description of impression management
3 parts of impression management	authentic self; ideal self; tactical self
2 parts of dramaturgical approach	front stage (puts on a front) & back stage (free to act however)
communication	includes speech, writing, signals, behavior
verbal communication	communicate through words, written or spoken
nonverbal communication	communication intentionally or unintentionally w/o words
animal communication	any behavior of one animal that affects behavior of another animal; visual cues/barring teeth
golden ratio	1.618:1. humans attracted to individuals with certain body ratios
self-disclosure	sharing one's fears, thoughts and goals
reciprocal liking	people like others better when they believe a person likes them
proximity	just being physically close to someone playing a role in attraction
mere exposure effect or familiarity effect	people prefer stimuli that they have been exposed to more frequently
amygdala	part of brain for associating stimuli and corresponding rewards or punishments; telling us whether or not something is a threat
______ important in managing the limbic system that manages ______ & _______	prefrontal cortex manages limbic system that manages emotion & stress
cognitive neoassociational model	we are more likely to respond to others aggressively whenever we are feeling negative emotions
4 main types of attachement styles	secure, avoidant, ambivalent, disorganized SAAD or DAAS or DASA
secure attachement	child addicted to adult; unhappy when adult leaves; prefers caregiver
avoidant attachement	caregiver little or no response; child shows no preference over caregiver or stranger
ambivalent attachment	caregiver inconsistent; child does not consistently rely on caregiver; aka anxious-ambivalent attachement
disorganized attachment	no clear pattern; erratic behavior, social withdrawal from caregiver; red flag for abuse
social support	perception one is cared for by social network
emotional support	listening, affirming, empathizing with someone's feelings
esteem support	more affirming qualities and skills of a person
material support	aka tangible support; any type of financial or material contributions to another person; making a meal for a friend
informational support	providing information that will help someone
network support	social support that gives someone a sense of belonging
foraging	seeking out and eating food, biologically driven,
hypothalamus	hunger sensation control - later induces/ventromedial takes away
mating system	organization of a group's sexual behavior
mate choice, or intersexual selection	selection of mate based on attractiveness
mate bias	how choosy members of species are while choosing a mate
direct benefits of mate choice	providing material advantages
indirect benefits of mate choice	promoting better survival in offspring
5 mechanisms of mate choice	phenotypic bias, sensory bias, Fisherian or runaway selection, indicator traits, genetic compatibility
phenotypic traits	measurable traits, like increased production and survival of offspring
sensory bias	development of a trait to match a preexisting preference that exits in the population
Fisherian or runaway selection	positive feedback mechanism where a particular trait has no effect on survival and becomes more and more prominent; peacock
indicator traits	signify good health and well-being
genetic compatibility	mechanism for reduced frequency of recessive genetic disorders in the population; attraction to others who have definitely different genes
empathy-altruism hypothesis	one explanation for relationship between empathy and helping behavior
evolutionary stable strategy (ESS)	game theory studies sex ratios in various species, where an ESS is adopted in a group and natural selection prevents altering strategies from arising; purpose in game theory is to be more fit than competitors
Hawk-Dove game	access to shared food resources; example of pure competition
4 conclusions to game theory, not Hawk-Dove	altruism -/+; cooperation +/+; spite -/-; selfishness +/-
inclusive fitness	measure of organism's success in population; promotes idea that altruistic behavior improves fitness and success of species as a whole
social perception aka social cognition	tools to make judgements and impressions regarding other people
perceive	influenced by experience, motives, emotional state
target	person which perception is made
stereotypes	the expections, impressions, and opinions about characteristics of a member of a group; cognitive
prejudice	overall attitude and emotional response to a group; affective
discrimination	differences in actions toward different groups; behavioral
primacy effect	idea that first impressions are most important
recency effect	most recent information is the most important
reliance on central traits	individuals organize perception of others based on traits and personal characteristics of the target more relevant to perciever
halo effect	cognitive bias in judgements of specific individual can do no wrong
just-world-hypotheses	cognitive bias impression formation; good things happen to good people & bad things happen to bad people
self-serving bias	aka self-surving attributional bias: view success on internal factors and failure on external factors
self-enhancement	focus on the need to maintain self-worth and can be done through internal attribution of successes and external attribution of failures
attribution theory	tendency for individuals to infer the causes of other people's behavior
two main categories for attribution theory	dispositional (internal) & situational (external)
dispositional (internal) attributions	those relate to the person whose behavior is being considered, including his or her beliefs, attitudes, and personality characteristics
situational (external) attributions	those that relate to features of the surroundings, threats, money social norms and peer pressure
consistency cue	consistent behavior of a person over time
consensus cues	extent to which a person's behavior differs from others
distinctivenss cues	extent to which a person engages in similar behavior across a series of scenarios; more varied then situational attribution explain it
correspondent inference theory	intentionality of a person's behavior; unexpected hurtful behavior explained with dispositional attribution
fundamental attribution error	we are generally biased toward making dispositional attributions rather than situational attributions, especially in negative context
attribute substitution	when individuals must make judgements that are complex but instead they substitute a simpler solution or apply a heuristic
stereotypes	when attitudes and impressions are based on limited and superficial information about a person or a group of individuals
stereotype content model	classify stereotypes with respect to a hypothetical in-group using two dimensions: warmth and competence
paternalistic stereotypes	high warmth, low competence; low status, not competitive; group is looked down on (housewives, elderly people, disabled)
admiration stereotypes	high status, not competitive; high competencen, high warmth; in-group & close ally; group viewed wiht pride and other positive feelings
contemptuous stereotype	low status, competitive; welfare recipients, poor people; group viewed with resentment, annoyance or anger
envious stereotype	high status, competitive; Asians, Jews, rich people, feminists; low warmth high competence; jealousy, bitterness, distrust
self-fulfilling prophecy	expectations create conditions that lead to confirmation of those expectation
stereotype threat	concept of people being concerned or anxious about confirming a negative stereotype about one's social group - may cause to perform worse
prejudice	irrational positive or negative attitude toward a person, group or thing, prior to an actual experience with that entity
propaganda	ways large organizations create prejudices in others
power	ability of people or groups to achieve their goals despite any obstacles, and ability to control resources
prestige	level of respect shown to a person by others
cultural relativism	perrception of another culture as different from one's own but with the recognition that the cultural values, mores and rules of a culture fit into that culture itself

Created by: Rocks2278