Human Cardiology Word Scramble
A Y A R E P I T P O R E T L L
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| Question | Answer |
| when blood enters into the fibular artery, where does it come from | popliteal artery |
| what do the sulci on the surface of the contain | fat and blood vessels |
| how does venous return trigger the increase of heart rate | increased return volume, stretches receptors in the right atrium of the heart, activating the Bainbridge (or Atrial) Reflex |
| ventricular filling occurs during (systole/diastole) | diastole |
| what are the vessels away from the heart | arteries |
| what is a thoroughfare channel | it is a direct connection between an arteriole and venule. that way if the rest of the capillary bed is closed off, there is still a vessel that is open and allows passage between the arteriole and venule |
| where is the SA node located | wall of right atrium |
| what is pericarditis | it is an infection that creates inflammation of the pericardium and makes the epicardium and parietal pericardium stick together |
| what artery(ies) feed supply the anterior and medial lower leg | anterior and posterior tibial artery. |
| what is stroke volume (SV) | end diastolic volume subtracted by end diastolic volume (SV = EDV - ESV) |
| what does the central chemoreceptors do | central chemoreceptors monitor cerebrospinal fluid, control respiratory function, and control blood flow to brain |
| what does systolic pressure measure | systolic pressure measures peak arterial pressure during ventricular systole |
| what two chambers of the heart are filling with blood during the isovolumetric relaxation phase | right and left atria |
| the _________________________________ vein receives blood from the small intestine and colon into the hepatic portal vein | superior mesenteric vein receives blood from the small intestine and colon and drains into the hepatic portal vein |
| what are the main organ(s) that are supplied by the superior mesenteric artery | most of small intestine and first half of large intestine |
| what two heart chambers create the apex of the heart | the right and left ventricles create the apex of the heart |
| at what point on an EKG can we assume that the atria are contracting | the P-R interval |
| total capillary blood flow (is equal to/is not equal to) cardiac output | total capillary blood flow equals cardiac output |
| circulatory pressure must overcome ___________________ of the entire cardiovascular system | total peripheral resistance |
| roughly 1/3 of the venous networks are located in what three major organs | liver, bone marrow, and skin |
| what artery supplies the lateral part of the lower leg | the fibular artery |
| what are the two major things that affect vascular resistance | vessel length and vessel diameter |
| name the structure that blood must pass through when leaving the left atrium and entering into the left ventricle | left atrioventricular valve, bicuspid valve, or mitral valve |
| what is the Bainbridge reflex (or atrial reflex) | the adjustment of heart rate in response to the amount of venous return. |
| a patient has come into the clinic complaining of shortness of breath and lack of sleep because they feel like they are drowning when they lay down. what structure of their heart might not be functioning properly. why do you think this | the mitral valve regurgitation, if the mitral valve is not functioning properly, then blood back up into the left atrium and (in severe cases) it backs up into the pulmonary circuit. making the patient feel like they are drowning |
| what supplies the aortic arch with blood | left ventricle |
| what does cardiac output measure | the volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle in one minute |
| what is the purpose of collateral arteries. | collateral arteries allow blood flow to the same capillary bed of the blocked artery. |
| comparing the two ventricles (right and left), which ventricle had a larger wall size and why? | the left ventricle has more cardiac muscle because it must generate enough for on the blood to created a force than can carry blood to the rest of the body and bring it back. |
| when reading an EKG, what is the first wave that occurs and what does it generally signify | the P-wave is the first wave on an EKG, and it signifies the depolarization of the atria |
| what mechanism does the body use to exchange nutrients and gases between the blood and interstitial fluid | all materials are diffused between blood and interstitial fluid |
| how does thyroid hormone affect heart rate? Why ? | thyroid hormone speeds up heart rate by making it more permissive/responsive to Epinephrine and Norepinephrine. |
| what are metarterioles | smooth muscles that control the diameter of capillaries |
| afterload is indirectly related with what two factors | arterial blood flow and stroke volume |
| how do small ions (Na+, K+, Ca++, Cl-) diffuse through a membrane | small ions diffuse through channels on the plasma membranes |
| what is the mathematical representation for net osmotic pressure | NOP = BCOP - ICOP (Net Osmotic Pressure equals Blood colloid Osmotic Pressure minus Interstitial Colloid Osmotic Pressure) |
| what is venous return | the rate of blood flow during ventricular relaxation |
| what is the name of the structure that separates the right and the left ventricles of the heart | the interventricular septum |
| the little box on an EKG paper signifies _________________ seconds | each little box on EKG paper represents 0.04 seconds |
| what artery does the right axillary feed into | right brachial artery |
| what are the smallest blood vessels in the body | capillaries |
| what vein is used for clinical blood draws | median cubital vein |
| what does the chemoreceptor reflexes respond to | pH (H+ concentration), PO2 concentration, and PCO2 concentration |
| what happens during filtration | during filtration water and small solutes are forced though capillary walls |
| the (superior/inferior) vena cava recieves blood from the head, neck, upper extremeties, and chest | superior vena cava recieves blood from the head, BUE, and chest |
| what is elastic rebound | elastic rebound is when the arterial wall stretches during systole and recoils (to its original shape) during diastole |
| what veins drain the ovaries or the testes | the gonadal veins drain the ovaries and the testes |
| approx. how many impulses does the AV bundle produce per minute | 20 impulses per minute |
| what is the Bainbridge reflex | the bainbridge reflex is body's response to the stretching of the wall of the Right Atrium |
| what are the two layers of tissue that make up tunica intima | internal elastic layer and endothelium |
| capillary plexus is another name for ... | capillary beds |
| what monitors blood pressure at the end of the systemic circuit | the stretch receptors in the wall of the right artrium |
| what happens to water when there is net osmotic pressure | net osmotic pressure forces water INTO a solution |
| draw a two graphs of the membrane potential of a a heart beat. One graph will be the parasympathetic stimulation the other will be sympathetic. what are some big differences between the two graphs. especially in regards to prepotential | in the parasympathetic stimulation it prepotential is longer, therefore that part of the graph will be shallower. while under sympathetic stimulations, prepotential is short and steep. |
| what happens to calcium ions still inside the cardiac muscle after the slow membrane channels close | intracellular calcium is absorbed by the sarcoplasmic reticulum or pumped out of a cell |
| what is pressure gradient | the difference in pressure from one end of a vessel to the other |
| when taking blood pressure, what is the name of the bottom number | the bottom number is the diastolic blood pressure |
| what vein does the great saphenous vein drain into | the femoral artery |
| what is does "along the concentration gradient" mean | diffusion moves from high to low concentration |
| where is the apex of the heart | at the bottom of the heart |
| the median cubital vein drains into what vein | basilic vein |
| what type of sympathetic receptors can be found in the heart | Beta-1 receptors are found in the heart |
| what chamber of the heart pumps blood to the pulmonary circuit of the circulatory system | right ventricle |
| during ventricular diastole, what is happening with the mitral valve and heart wall (include what is happening to the chordae tendineae, papillary muscles, and direction of blood flow) | mitral valve is open, chordae tendineae are loose, papillary muscle is relaxed, left ventricle wall is relaxed, aortic valve is closed, and blood is flowing from the left atrium to the left ventricle |
| the (systemic/pulmonary) arteries branch from the aorta | systemic arteries branch from the aorta |
| what is the purpose of valves in the cardiovascular system | to promote one-way blood flow in the cardiovascular system |
| why does elastic rebound occur | elastic rebound keeps the blood moving forward during diastole |
| what cardiac muscle attaches to the chordae tendineae | the papillary muscles |
| the heart contains two types of muscle cells, name them | conducting system and the contractile cells |
| what is venous return | the amount of blood that is returned to the right atrium each minute |
| solute concentration and osmotic pressure are (directly/indirectly) related | solute concentration and osmotic pressure are directly related |
| what is pulse deficit | the difference between the apical and radial pulse |
| what structure has a primary function to autoregulate blood flow within the tissues | precapillary sphincters |
| when does recall of fluids occur | hemorrhaging |
| when does depolarization end | when the voltage-gated fast sodium channels close |
| during ventricular diastole, ________________ percent of the blood passes into the ventricles passively and the rest is delivered during ____________________________ | 80% of blood passes through passively, the remaining % is delivered during atrial systole |
| what suffers part of the cardiac cycle with an increased Heart Rate | Diastole suffers the most with Tachycardia |
| what vein does the left gonadal vein feed into | left renal veins |
| the ________________________ is the cardiac center of the brain | medulla oblongata is the cardiac center of the brain |
| name three things that control cardiac output and blood pressure | 1) autoregulation, 2) neural mechanisms, 3) endocrine mechanisms |
| where is blood vessel diameter highest? where is blood vessel diameter second highest ? | vessel diameter is greatest in the venae cavae and second greatest in elastic arteries |
| what three things affect vasoconstriction and vasodilation | afterload on heart, peripheral blood pressure, and capillary blood flow |
| what MAP | mean arterial pressure |
| name the fluid filled space that separates the two layers of the pericardium. This allows the heart to expand and contract without creating any friction | pericardial cavity |
| what are some examples of local vasodilators | Low O2, high CO2, high H+ concentration, lactate, Nitric Oxide (NO), histamines (chemicals released by inflammation), elevated local temperature |
| what is the function of the ductus arteriosus | it allows the passage of blood in the pulmonary trunk to go to the aorta in an embryo to bypass the lungs |
| what structures of the heart make up its base | the right and left atria of the heart as well as the pulmonary trunk (pulmonary artery), aorta, superior and inferior vena cava, and right and left pulmonary veins |
| in a cardiac cycle, what cell types generate and transmits action potential | conduncting system cells |
| what closes the venous valves | contracting muscles above the valve |
| name two types of reflexes that monitor arterial blood | baroreceptor reflexes and chemoreceptor reflexes |
| what division of the autonomic nervous system works with the Bainbridge reflex | sympathetic nervous system |
| what major artery carries blood from the left ventricle to systemic circullation | aorta |
| how does the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system affect contractility, ejection fraction, and ESV | sympathetic division of the ANS increases contractility (force of ventricle contraction), increases ejection fraction, and decreases end systolic volume |
| a majority of the blood in your system is located in (heart/arteries/veins) | roughly 60-65% is located in the veins |
| what artery supplies the left common carotid | the aortic arch |
| Average heart rate is an average between what two pacing structures in the human heart | sinoatrial node and the atrioventricular node |
| what forces the two semilunar valves to close | a backflow of blood into the pulmonary trunk and the ascending aotra |
| what is vasomotion | the contraction and relaxation cycle of capillary sphincters |
| what does the p wave signify | atrial depolarizing |
| what can cause the muscular arteries and arterioles to dilate or constrict | sympathetic or endocrine stimulation |
| what causes the plateau, during muscle contraction | calcium ion entry into the cell via the slow calcium channels |
| where is the base of the heart | it is at the top of the heart |
| stroke volume (increases/decreases) while the body is at rest | decreases (and remains low) while the body is at rest |
| what controls the interplay of filtration and reabsorption through capillary beds | net osmotic pressure and net hydrostatic pressure control filtration and reabsorption |
| the __________________ division of the autonomic nervous system slows the heart rate by releasing what neurotransmitter? | parasympathetic with the help of acetylcholine |
| when blood enters into the anterior tibial artery, where does it come from | popliteal artery |
| what are the two main arteries that supplied by the brachiocephalic trunk | right common carotid artery and right subclavian artery |
| what adjusts cardiac activity depending on the demands of the body tissue | cardiac centers |
| what phase of cardiac muscle contraction does extracellular calcium enter in to the cardiac muscle cell | plateau phase |
| name four functions of filtration and reabsorption | 1) constant communication btwn plasma and interstitial fluid, 2) accelerates distribution of nutrients/hormones/gases, 3) assists in transport of insoluble lipids and proteins, 4) carries bacterial toxins and other chemicals stimuli into lymph |
| trace the path that blood flows through to the fibular artery | aortic arch, descending aorta, common iliac artery, external iliac artery, femoral artery, popliteal artery, fibular artery |
| blood in the the body's circulatory system (alternates/does not alternate) between the pulmonary and systemic circuit | blood alternates between the pulmonary and systemic circuit |
| what type of capillaries allow for the diffusion of large, water soluble compounds | large, water-soluble compounds pass through fenestrated capillaries |
| give two examples of an ectopic heart beats | premature atrial contraction, premature ventricular contraction |
| what is the QT Interval | it is a measurement on an EKG that starts at the beginning of the Q wave and ends at the end of the T-wave |
| the ____________________________________ center of the medulla oblongata increases cardiac output | cardioacceleratory center |
| describe what happens to the End Diastolic Volume when diastole is shortened. Why does this happen? | End diastolic Volume decreases with reduced time in Diastole because there is a decrease in filling time |
| what is vascular resistance | friction between blood and vessel walls |
| what is end systolic volume ` | the volume of blood remaining in each ventricle after systole |
| the amount the ventricles can preload, is directly related to what | the amount of end diastolic volume |
| what organs doe the internal iliac artery supply | gluteal and adductor muscles, genitalia, and perineum |
| what structure inside the heart separates the atria and the ventricles; and only allows blood flow in one direction | atrioventricular valves |
| what vessels collect blood from capillaries from tissues and organs | veins |
| list the major arteries that branch off the abdominal aorta (in order from most superior to most inferior | celiac trunk, superior mesenteric artery, renal artery, gonadal artery, inferior mesenteric artery, common iliac artery |
| what is the term for the amount of blood that remains in the ventricles at the end of ventricular systole | end systolic volume |
| what organ do the largest blood vessels attach to | the heart |
| During a cardiac cycle, most time is spent in (systole/diastole) | during a cardiac cycle, most time is spent during diastole |
| the (systemic/pulmonary) veins drain deoxygenated blood and nutrient poor blood from the organs | systemic veins carry deoxygenated blood and nutrient poor blood |
| how does the body respond to major blood loss | there is systemic venoconstriction, redirecting blood to major organs and away from less vital organs like skin |
| what artery feeds the genitalia and perineum | internal iliac artery |
| capillaries filter more fluid than they reabsorb, where does the excess fluid go | the excess fluid from capillary beds enters the lymphatic vessels |
| what are two other names for the left atrioventricular valve | bicuspid valve, mitral valve |
| what region of the brain controls heart rate | medulla oblongata (cardiac centers) |
| what are the two major determinants for total capillary blood flow | pressure and resistance in the cardiovascular system |
| the common iliac artery divides into two different arteries, what are they? | the internal iliac and the external iliac |
| what is filling time | the amount of time it takes for a ventricle to fill with blood |
| the ________________ have thin walls and valves to help blood get back to heart | veins |
| when blood is leaving the internal carotid artery, where does it go | blood leaving the internal carotid artery it enters into the circle of willis |
| name the three features of an EKG | P wave, QRS complex, and T wave |
| the P-wave on an EKG signifies that the atria are (contracting/depolarizing) | depolarization |
| what is another term for the right atrioventricular valve | tricuspid valve |
| what is one cardiac cycle | one complete heart beat, atrial systole and diastole, followed by one ventricular systole and diastole |
| large solutes (can/cannot) leave the bloodstream during filtration | large solutes cannot leave the bloodstream during filtration |
| what are the four veins that empty into the left atrium | the right and left pulmonary veins (two on the right and two on the left) |
| what are collateral arteries | arteries that develop when another artery is blocked. |
| what is the mathematical representation for net hydrostatic pressure | NHP = CHP - IHP (Net hydrostatic Pressure equals Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure minus Interstitial Fluid Hydrostatic Pressure) |
| when is someone considered to be tachycardic | a person has tachycardia when their heart rate is greater than 100 beats a minute |
| what type of blood vessels are able to change diameter | muscular arteries and arterioles |
| what are the names of the smooth muscle segments that dilate and contract to direct blood through the capillary bed | metarterioles |
| how does contractility effect ejection fraction and end systolic volume | there is a direct correlation between contractility and ejection fraction (As contractility goes up, so does ejection fraction). there is an indirect relation between ESD and contractility ( as contractility goes up, ESV does down) |
| what is net filtration pressure | the difference between net hydrostatic pressure and net osmotic pressure |
| what is end diastoliv volume (edv) | the volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of each ventricular diastole |
| what nerves and neurotransmitter control stimulate vasoconstriction | adrenergic nerves (Norepinephrine) controls vasoconstriction |
| what is ejection fraction | the percentage of End Diastolic Volume represented by Stroke Volume |
| there are two more soft sounds with a heart beat. however, they are soft and can barely be heard. what are they. | blood flow into the ventricles and atrial cotnraction |
| during ventricular diastole, AV valves are (open/closed) and the pressure in the ventricles are (high/low) | AV valves are open and pressure is low |
| how does the heart receive nutrients and Oxygen | the heart gets its oxygen and nutrients from the coronary arteries |
| stretch receptors are located in the _____________________ and are part of the ____________________________ reflexes | stretch receptors are located in the CAROTID AND AORTIC SINUSES (and RIGHT ATRIUM) and are part of the BARORECEPTORS reflexes |
| what is the name of the pressure in the capillary beds | capillary hydrostatic pressure |
| from the two types of muscle cells in the heart the (conducting system/contractile cells) produces contractions that propel blood | contractile cells |
| name two ways in which pharmaceutical drugs (or heart medications) can mimic hormones | stimulate/block beta receptors from the sympathetic nervous system, calcium channel blockers (affect Ca++) |
| what do baroreceptor reflexes respond to | changes in blood pressure |
| the pulmonary trunk feeds what arter(ies) | Right and left pulmonary arteries |
| name the ligament that connects that aortic arch and the pulmonary trunk | ligamentum arteriosum |
| what is the purpose of tissue perfusion | to bring O2 and nutrients to the tissues/organs; and to carry CO2 and wastes away |
| what is the best way to find heart rate using an EKG | count the number of big boxes that separate one QRS complex from the next one, then divide 300 by the number of boxes that separate one QRS complex from the next QRS complex |
| what can be a sign/symptom of increased capillary hydrostatic pressure and increased blood colloid osmotic pressure | edema/swelling |
| what is the force produced during ventricular systole | contractility |
| Blood viscosity and peripheral resistance are (directly proportional/indirectly proportional) | blood viscosity and peripheral resistance are directly proportional |
| what node starts th the action potential for a cardiac cycle (where is this node located) | the Sinoatrial (SA) node starts the action potenial for a cardiac cycle, it is located in the right atrium |
| what causes the dicrotic notch | it is the brief increase in aortic pressure that occurs after the aortic valve closes and the blood in the aorta rebound off the aortic valve |
| exterior iliac veins receives blood from what vein | femoral vein |
| there are visible indentations on the surface of the heart that allows one to see separation of the four heart chambers. what are they called? name the two of them? | sculus (plural: sulci), coronary sulcus (between right atrium and right ventricle,) and the anterior interventricular sulcus (between the right and left ventricles) |
| name three things that affect tissue perfusion | 1) cardiac output, 2) peripheral resistance, 3) blood pressure |
| what chamber of the heart pumps blood to the systemic circuit of the circulatory system | left ventricle |
| what do Atrial Baroreceptors monitor | Atrial Baroreceptors monitor blood pressure at the end of the systemic circuit |
| what is tissue perfusion | blood flow through tissues |
| what is a physiological sign of increased capillary hydrostatic pressure and increased blood colloid osmotic pressure | fluid build up in peripheral tissues |
| what does the external iliac vein drain blood into | common iliac vein |
| there is a decrease in the stroke volume, how does this effect the afterload | afterload increases with the decrease of stroke volume |
| what artery does the right brachial feed into | Right Ulnar Artery and Right Radial artery |
| what is the primary pacemaker of the heart | Sinoatrial node |
| if the amount of time in diastole is shortened, how does this effect how the heart will receive blood from coronary arteries, why? | with decreased time in diastole the heart does not receive the nutrients of Oxygen it needs, because the heart receives the most nutrients it needs during diastole |
| with increased friction, what happens to blood pressure | blood pressure decreases with friction |
| what is the pulmonary circuit | it is the name for the blood vessels that carry blood away from the Right ventricle of the heart to the Lungs (pulmonary system) and back to the left atrium of the heart |
| the (internal/external) carotid artery supplies the brain | internal carotid artery supplies the brain |
| how do you calculate Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) | diastolic pressure + (1/3)(Pulse Pressure) ~ OR ~ DBP +(1/3)(SBP-DBP) |
| when the blood leaves the femoral artery, where does it goe | the popliteal artery |
| the tricuspid valve prevents back flow from the ______________ to the _____________________ | the tricuspid valve prevents back flow from the right ventricle to the right atrium |
| what happens with mitral valve regurgitation | blood will back up into the left atium, pulmonary arteries , and (in severe cases) into the lungs |
| where are the reflex sensors located | arterial blood vessels (specifically common carotid and aortic arch) |
| ___________________ are the resistance vessels | arterioles |
| trace the path that blood follows when it leaves the heart and goes to the femoral artery | the aortic arch, descending aorta, common iliac artery, external iliac artery, femoral artery |
| what forces the semilunar valves to open | when the ventricular pressure is higher than the pressure in the arteries during ventricular systole |
| (systole/diastole) is a cardiac contraction and (systole/diastole) when the coronary muscles relax | systole - contraction ; diastole - relaxation |
| the (systemic/pulmonary) arteries carry oxygen-rich blood from the left ventricle to the capillaries | systemic arteries carry-oxygen-rich blood |
| what happens with net capillary hydrostatic pressure | water and solutes are pushed out of capillaries and into interstitial fluid |
| the hepatic vein drains into what | the hepatic vein drains into the inferior vena cava |
| when the blood enters the femoral artery, where does it come from | the external iliac artery |
| name two things that the cardiovascular system responds to | changing activity patterns and circulator emergencies |
| when listening to blood pressure, what does the first sound of korotkoff signify | first sound of korotkoff is Systolic blood pressure |
| the ___________________ arteries feed the kidneys | renal arteries |
| name the three arteries supply the lower leg | anterior tibial artery, posterior tibial artery, fibular artery |
| what are vasodilators | chemicals that promote the dilation of precapillary sphincters |
| where does the great saphenous vein drain from and where does it go to | drains from the heel and drains into the femoral vein |
| what vein does the right gonadal vein feed into | inferior vena cava |
| when capillary hydrostatic pressure and blood colloid osmotic pressure are increased, what happens to fluid in the blood | fluid moves out of the blood with increased CHP and increased BCOP |
| each big box on an EKG represents ____________________ seconds | each big box on EKG paper represents 0.2 seconds |
| the entire heart contracts in a series. First, the (atria/ventricles) contract. Then the (atria/ ventricles) | first the atria contract, then the ventricles |
| what is the primary location for the exchange functions of the cardiovascular system. | capillaries |
| flow is (directly proportional/indirectly proportional) to pressure gradient | flow is directly proportional to pressure gradient |
| when blood pressure is taken, what is the name of the top number | the top number is systolic blood pressure |
| how do large hemorrhages affect the interplay between filtration and reabsorption | large hemorrhages INCREASES REABSORPTION OF INTERSTITIAL FLUID |
| from the left ventricle, how do you get to the RIGHT Ulnar artery | aortic semilunar valve, aortic arch, brachiocephalic artery, right axillary artery, right brachial artery, right ulnar artery |
| where does elastic rebound occur | the arterial wall of elastic arteries |
| in a normal, healthy heart, what structure establishes the heart rate | sinoatrial node |
| name two of the largest blood vessels in the body | pulmonary trunk and aorta are the two largest blood vessels |
| the ____________________ neurons from the autonomic nervous system increase the heart rate | sympathetic |
| what does the femoral vein drain blood into | the external iliac vein |
| (arteries/veins) drain blood from organs | veins |
| where is total cross-sectional area createst | capillaries have the highest total cross sectional area |
| what is the purpose of a capillary plexus | to connect one arteriole and one venule |
| how does sodium enter into the cell during depolarization | through voltage-gated fast sodium channels |
| exhaling raises thoracic pressure and (increases/decreases) venous return | exhaling decreases venous return |
| what is the resting potential of the muscle cells in the ventricles and atria | -90mV and -80mV (respectively) |
| the ______________________________________ center of the brain reduces cardiac output | cardioinhibitory center |
| what is the name of the systemic circuit | it is the name of the blood vessels that carry blood away from the left ventricle of the heart to the rest of the body then back to the right atrium of the heart |
| what are mitral valve patients (patients with mitral valve regurgitation) always short of breath | because when the mitral valve does not work, blood backs up into the lungs |
| what helps push blood towards the heart | compression of the vein by muscle contractions |
| what is apical pulse | the actual counting of heartbeats |
| when does repolarization end | slow potassium channels close |
| the common carotid artery divides into what | the internal and external carotid arteries |
| what happens to water when there is net hydrostatic pressure in a capillary | water is forced OUT of a solution during net hydrostatic pressure |
| what constitutes a single heart beat | 1 contraction (systole) and 1 relaxation (diastole) |
| what parts of the body to the branches of the descending aorta supply | abdomen, pelvis, and lower extremities |
| what area in the brain is also known as the vasomotor center | the medulla oblongata is the vasomotor center of the brain |
| what is a moderator band | in about 9% of the human population, there is a band of cardiac muscle that extends horizontally from the interventricular septum to the wall of the right atrium. this muscle helps coordinate the heart beat. |
| name the three phases of action potential in cardiac muscle | rapid depolarization, plateau, and repolarization |
| the hepatic veins drain blood from what organ | the hepatic vein drains blood from the liver |
| what is an arteriovenous anastomoses | it is a direct connection between arterioles and venules |
| the left internal and left external jugular veins drain into what vein | the left subclavian vein |
| what artery primarily supplies the brachiocephalic trunk | aortic arch |
| what structure in the conducting system slows down the rate of stimulation from the Sinoatrial node | atrioventricular node |
| what causes blood flow in capillaries to constantly change routes | vasomotion, the contraction relaxation cycle of precapillary sphincters |
| what chamber of the heart receives blood from the pulmonary circuit | left atrium |
| during ventricular systole, what is happening with the mitral valve and heart wall (include what is happening to the chordae tendineae, papillary muscles, and direction of blood flow) | mitral valve is closed, aortic valve is open, chordae tendineae is taught/tense, papillary muscles are contracted, left ventricle wall is contracted, and blood is leaving the left ventricle and entering into the ascending aorta |
| what does a wide QRS complex signify on an EKG | ventricular depolarization is too long |
| what does blood pressure measure | arterial blood pressure |
| what part of the conduction system of the heart distributes the action potential to the contractile cells | purkinje fibers |
| how do baroreceptor reflexes respond when blood pressure lowers | increases cardiac output and peripheral vasoconstriction |
| inhaling (increases/decreases) thoracic pressure which increases venous return | inhaling increases venous return |
| where are the peripheral chemoreceptor reflexes located | peripheral chemoreceptors are located in the carotid and aortic bodies |
| there is a (direct/indirect) relationship between vessel diameter and blood flow | there is a direct relationship between flow and diameter |
| name the three main arteries that branch off the aortic arch (in order) | brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid artery, left subclavian artery |
| net capillary colloid osmotic pressure is the difference between what two factors | 1) blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP), 2) interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure (ICOP) |
| absolute refractory period is (long/short) and cardiac muscle cells (can/cannot) respond depending on the degree of the stimulus | absolute refractory period is long and cardiac muscles cannot respond |
| how does the body respond to pressure changes in the aortic reflex | the body adjusts blood pressure and flow |
| control of cardiovascular function is (voluntary/reflex) | control of cardiovascular function is REFLEX |
| where does turbulence occur the most in the body | turbulence occurs most in the heart chambers and the great vessels |
| ______________ is opposition to blood flow | resistance |
| what is the term for the amount of blood pumped out of the ventricles with every heart beat | systolic volume is the volume of blood pumped out of the ventricles with each systole |
| capillary best/networks permeate all tissues in the body (alive or dead/live tissue only) | capillaries permeate live tissues only |
| when there is major blood loss, what sensors of the autonomic nervous system division is activated | vasomotor centers in the sympathetic nervous system |
| during ventricular systole; the atria (contract/relax) and the ventricles (contract/ relax) | atria relax and ventricles contract |
| what is the pressure required to prevent osmosis | blood colloid osmotic pressure |
| what is respiratory pump | thoracic cavity action |
| how does the atrial reflex increase heart rate | with increased venous return, there is an increased stretching in the atria and therefore speeds up the heart rate |
| what is the pacemaker of the heart | sinoatrial node |
| what is the embryonic structure that eventually becomes the ligamentum arteriosum | ductus arteriousus |
| the ______________ carry blood away from the heart to supply the tissues. | arteries |
| what is the amount of blood a ventricle contains at the end of diastole | End Diastolic Volume (EDV) |
| The Sinoatrial node generates the electrical signal, from there the signal goes to the _______________ located in the ______________ | the SA node generates a signal that goes to the atrioventricular (AV) node which is located in the junction between the atria and the arteries |
| capillaries filter (more/less) than they reabsorb | capillaries filter MORE than they reabsorb |
| where does the right gonadal vein drain to | the right gonadal vein drains into the inferior vena cava |
| what is a cause of abnormal turbulence in blood vessels | atherosclerotic plaque |
| when a certain cell (or group of cells) become more active, what happens to the blood flow to that area | as a cell (or group of cells) become more active, blood flow to the area must increase |
| what blood vessels feed the heart muscle (name the circuit) | the coronary arteries feed the heart muscle, they are part of the coronary circuit |
| the (Chemoreceptor/Baroreceptor) reflexes help to coordinate cardiovascular and respiratory activities | Chemoreceptors reflexes help to coordinate cardiovascular and respiratory activities |
| what are two things that limit End Diastolic volume | filling time and venous return |
| what is afterload | the tension of the ventricle that forces the semilunar valves to open and eject blood |
| the coronary arteries are included in the (pulmonary/systemic) circuit of the cardiovascular system | coronary arteries are in the systemic circuit of the cardiovascular system |
| the Sinoatrial (SA) Node, Atrioventricular (AV) Node, Bundle Branches, and Purkinje Fibers are all part of the (conducting system/contractile cells) | conducting system |
| during ejection phase, the (arteries/ventricles) have higher pressure | ventricles have higher blood pressure than the arteries during the ejection phase |
| comparing the membrane potential of the conducting system, with it's surrounding cardiac cells, which of the two has the lower membrane potential | the pacemaker (SA node) in the conducting system has lower resting potential than other cardiac cells |
| what is a heart murmur | the sound produced by a valve regurgitation |
| the heart can generate it's own electrical signals for contraction. this process is called | automaticity |
| what opens venous valves | contracting muscles below the valve |
| the vessels in the body with the thinnest walls are _____________ | capillaries have the thinnest walls |
| what is preload | the amount of stretch a ventricle has during ventricular diastole |
| during what phase of the cardiac cycle does the heart receive the most blood from the coronary arteries | the heart receives the most blood from the coronary arteries during diastole |
| when the sounds of korotkoff stop, what does this signify | the cessation of korotkoff signify diastolic blood pressure |
| what is the secondary pacemaker of the heart | atrioventricular node |
| what is an ECG or an EKG | it is a medical test that can track the electrical events of a cardiac cycle (electicocardiogram) |
| what is blood viscosity | the number of molecules and suspended materials in a liquid |
| why does the EKG not show atrial repolarization | atrial repolarization and ventricular depolarizationoccur at the same time |
| what does a change in the S-T Segment of an EKG signify | S-T changes signify conductive system damage in the cardiac muscles cells/cardiac wall |
| what are the two things that can affect cardiac output | changes in heart rate or stroke volume |
| what happens to the papillary muscles and chordae tendineae during ventricular contraction | the chordae tendineae tighten and the papillary muscles contract |
| what blood vessels return blood to the heart | veins |
| what happens to MAP and Pulse pressure as you get further away from the heart | MAP and Pulse Pressure decrease with distance from the heart |
| generally speaking, the venous system has effectively (high/low) blood pressure | the venous system has low effective blood pressure |
| what are the three factors that affect end systolic volume | preload, contractility, and afterload |
| when blood enters into the posterior tibial artery, where does it come from | popliteal artery |
| what does diastolic pressure measure | minimum arterial pressure |
| flow is indirectly proportional to (pressure gradient/resistance) | resistance |
| name the two conducting structures that are located in the ventricles | Atrioventricular bundle and the bundle branches |
| where are central chemoreceptors located | central chemoreceptors are located just below the medulla oblongata |
| the sinoatrial node is in ________________, therefore we can assume that the ________________ chambers of the heart are the first to contract during a cardiac cycle | the sinoatrial node is in the wall of the right atrium of the heart , therefore the atria chambers of the heart are the first to contract during a cardiac cycle |
| at what point in the capillary bed does the transition between filtration and reabsorption occur | the transition point between filtration and reabsorption occurs closer to the venous end of the capillary bed |
| when blood enters into the left subclavian vein, what four veins does it come from | left internal jugular vein, left external jugular vein, left axillary vein, left cephalic vein |
| a heart attack (is/is not) the same as a Myocardial Infarction | a heart attack is not the same as a myocardial infarction |
| how does hemorrhaging affect net filtration pressure | hemorrhaging reduces net filtration pressure |
| what are the main organ(s) that are supplied by the inferior mesenteric artery | distal half of the large intestine |
| what ion is leaving the muscle during the relative refractory period | potassium ions |
| what major artery carries blood away from the right ventricle to pulmonary circulation | pulmonary trunk |
| when blood enters the popliteal artery, where does it come from | the femoral artery |
| what layer of the serous membrane makes also functions as the epicardium | visceral of the serous membrane |
| what feeds the common carotid | on the left it is the aortic arch, on the right it is the brachiocephalic artery/trunk |
| what are the main regions of the body that are fed by the arteries that branch off the aortic arch | head (specifically the brain), and the bilateral upper extremeties |
| what is the term that refers to the difference between the resting an the maximal cardiac outputs | cardiac reserve |
| trace the path that blood flows through to the posterior tibial artery | aortic arch, descending aorta, common iliac artery, external iliac artery, femoral artery, popliteal artery, posterior tibial artery |
| what is the function of local vasoconstrictors | chemicals released into bloodstream to stimulate blood flow by constricting precapillary sphincters (i.e . prostaglandins and thromboxanes) |
| what veins in the neck help drain the the head and face | the internal and external jugular veins |
| blood is (more/less) viscous than water | blood is about 4 times more viscous than water |
| compared to regular skeletal muscle; the absolute refractory period is (longer/shorter) and the relative refractory period is relatively (longer/shorter) in the cardiac muscle | absolute refractory period in the cardiac muscle is longer and the relative refractory period is shorter |
| where can a person obtain a radial pulse | lateral wrist above the thumb |
| the heart monitors blood pressure using | baroreceptors |
| trace the path that blood flows through to the anterior tibial artery | aortic arch, descending aorta, common iliac artery, external iliac artery, femoral artery, popliteal artery, anterior tibial artery |
| when does the plateau of a muscle contraction end | when the slow calcium channels end |
| what phase of the cardiac muscle is considered to be the relative refractory period | during repolarization |
| what are the direct capillary connections between arterioles and venules | thoroughfare channel |
| vasoconstriction and vasodilation are controlled by the _____________________ center of the medulla oblongata | vasomotor center controls vasoconstriction and vasodilation |
| what are the sounds of korotkoff | sounds of korotkoff are the sounds made when blood starts to flow into the forearm after starting to deflate the blood pressure cuff |
| what does the QRS complex show | ventricles depolarizing (atrial repolarizing , but this is usually covered by the ventricular depolarization) |
| what artery feeds into the right brachial artery | right axillary artery |
| what materials will diffuse through endothelial cells or pores | water, iron and small molecules |
| Heart Rate X Stroke Volume = ______________________________ | Cardiac Output = HR X SV |
| what artery supplies the left subclavian artery | aortic arch |
| how do you calculate pulse pressure | Systolic Pressure - Diastolic pressure |
| what diffused through the endothelium of the sinusoids | plasma proteins |
| what center of the brain controls the cardiovascular system | medulla oblongata is the cardiovascular center of the brain |
| what is the effect that dehydration has on reabsorption | dehydration ACCELERATES reabsorption |
| at what phase does isovolumeric relaxation occur | early diastole |
| the right internal and right external jugular veins drain into what vein | the brachiocephalic veins |
| relative refractory period is (long/short) and cardiac muscle (can/cannot) respond depending on the degree of the stimulus | relative refractory period is short and muscle can respond depending on the degree of stimulus |
| cardiac centers adjust cardiac activity of the heart based on the demands of | body tissue |
| what artery feeds into the right ulnar artery | the right brachial |
| the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system _______________ the heart rate by releasing what neurotransmitter? | increases/speeds up heart rate by releasing norepinepherine |
| what neurotransmitter stimulates contraction in arteriole walls | norepinepherine |
| the aortic reflex is triggered by what | the aortic reflex is triggered by CHANGE IN BLOOD PRESSER IN THE ASCENDING AORTA |
| physiologically what is happening to fluid at the venous end of the capillary bed | fluid moves into the capillary and out of interstitial fluid |
| write down the order an electrical signal goes through to create a heart beat (conducting system) | Sinoatrial node, internodal pathways , atrioventricular node, atrioventricular bundle, bundle branches, purkinje fibers |
| from the left ventricle, how do you get to the RIGHT brachial artery | aortic semilunar valve, aortic arch, brachiocephalic artery, right axillary artery, right brachial artery |
| name the pace at which the sinoatrial node generates action potential | 80 to 100 beats a minute |
| which is more important? Absolute Pressure or pressure gradient | pressure gradient |
| what nerves from the vasomotor center are responsible for relaxing smooth muscle | cholinergic nerves |
| what two structures prevent the atrioventricular valve from opening backwards | chordae tendineae and papillary muscles |
| resistance increases exponentially with (vasoconstriction/vasodilation) | vasoconstriction |
| the smallest vessels in the body are | capillaries are the smallest vessels in the body |
| from the left ventricle, how do you get to the RIGHT axillary artery | aortic semilunar valve, aortic arch, brachiocephalic artery, right axillary artery |
| what autonomic nervous system division will reduce cardiac contractility | parasympathetic |
| from the two types of muscle cells in the heart the (conducting system/contractile cells) controls and coordinates the heart beat | conducting system |
| the parietal pericardium has two layers of different cell types , name the two types of cells. Name them | areolar tissue and mesothelium |
| what is venous pressure | the pressure in the venous system |
| in the upper arm area, name the three major veins (lateral to medial) | cephalic vein, brachial vein, basilic vein |
| what closes the valve cusps of the atrioventricular valves | increased blood pressure in the ventricles during ventricular contraction |
| the left gonadal vein drains into the | left gonadal vein drains into the left renal vein |
| what is the PR Interval | it is a measurement on an EKG, it starts at the beginning of the P wave, and ends at the start of the QRS complex |
| name the pathway that carries the action potential from the sinoatrial node to the atrioventricular node | internodal pathways |
| what is the principle which discusses the relationship between EDV and SV. As EDV increases, SV also increases | Frank-Starling Principle |
| the (systemic/pulmonary) veins drain into the vena cava which drains into the right atrium | the right atrium is the ultimate destination for the SYSTEMIC VEINS |
| the right and left common iliac veins meet up to form the _________________ | inferior vena cava |
| when blood arrives in the common iliac arteries, where is it coming from | the descending aorta |
| in the SA node, what two factors does the rate of spontaneous stimulus depolarization depend on. | resting membrane potential and rate of depolarization |
| how do potassium ions exit the cardiac cells | slow potassium channels |
| what is the mathematical equation for net filtration pressure | NFP = NHP - NOP ~ OR ~ NFP = (CHP - IHP) - (BCOP - ICOP) |
| the left atrium receives blood that is coming from which circuit | the pulmonary circiut |
| what is an arterial anastomosis | the fusion of two collateral arteries |
| how does neural mechanisms control cardiac output and blood pressure regulation | neural mechanisms control cardiac output and blood pressure by responding quickly to changes at specific sites |
| describe the bodies response to exercise, in relation to EDV, preload, and SV | End diastolic Volume increases with exercise, myocardium stretches more, and stroke volume increases with exercise |
| what ensures that adequate circulation enters into the body tissue | cardiovascular regulation |
| what opens and closes causing capillary blood flow in pulses | precapillary sphincter |
| the right subclavian vein drains into what vein | the brachiocephalic vein |
| between the internal carotid, external carotid, and vertebral arteries; which one supplies the extracranial tissues of the head and neck (i.e. facial tissue) | extracranial arteries |
| compared to skeletal muscle, (skeletal/cardiac) muscle has a a refractory period that lasts _____________ times longer than a (skeletal/muscle) fiber | refractory period in cardiac muscle is 30 times longer than skeletal muscle |
| where do the Right and Left Coronary arteries start on the Aorta | The right and left coronary arteries are immediately after the Aortic Semilunar valve |
| trace the blood as it goes from the heart to the genitalia | aortic arch, descending aorta, common iliac, internal iliac, genitalia |
| how do emotional states elevated BP | emotional states elevate BP by increased cardiac stimulation and vasoconsrtiction |
| how high should one inflate a sphygmomanometer | inflate a blood pressure cuff high enough to occlude circulation to the forearm |
| how do baroreceptor reflexes respond when blood pressure rises | decrease cardiac output and peripheral vasodilation |
| how is stroke volume changed | changing the EDV or ESV |
| absolute refractory period in the cardiac muscle is longer and the relative refractory period is shorter, why is this | it prevents the cardiac muscle going into tetany and summation contractions. the ventricles of the heart need to be able to fill up with blood prior to contraction |
| name some of the main organs that are supplied by the celiac trunk | liver, stomach, spleen, pancreas, (parts of the) small intestine |
| what produces vasomotor tone | constant action of sympathetic vasoconstrictor nerves |
| what is a anatomical structure that functions as a direct connection between an anastomosis and (therefore) bypasses the capillary bed | arteriovenous anastomoses |
| name the two layers of serous membrane that make up the pericardium | parietal layer and visceral layer (epicardium) |
| when the blood leaves the external iliac artery, where does it go | femoral artery |
| name the two structures that attach to the atrioventricular valves and assist in keeping the valve closed during systole | chordae tendineae and the papillary muscles |
| approx. how many impulses does the AV node produce per minute | 40 impulses per minute |
| what does the QT Interval measure | the length of time it takes for the ventricles to depolarize and then repolarize |
| name the three layers of the heart wall, in orders from outer most wall to inner most wall | epicardium , myocardium, endocardium |
| what chamber of the heart collects blood from the systemic circuit | the right atrium |
| when blood enters into the vertebral arteries, where is it coming from | the subclavian arteries |
| how does vessel diameter vary | vasodilation and vasoconstriction |
| name two things that affect contractility | autonomic activity and hormones |
| where is velocity of blood flow greatest and second greatest | velocity of blood flow is greatest in the elastic arteries and second greatest in the muscular arteries |
| name the longest vein in the body | great saphenous vein |
| the axillary vein receives blood from what vein(s)? | the brachial and basilic veins |
| the ____________________ veins drain the shoulder and arms and eventually become the brachiocephalic vein | subclavian veins |
| bardycardia is | when the heart rate is abnormally slow (less than 60 beats per minute) |
| what can cause ectopic heart beats or an ectopic pacemaker | abnormal cells that are highly excitable |
| what causes rapid depolarization in cardiac muscle | sodium ion entering into cardiac muscle |
| when leaving the two vertebral arteries combine to form what artery | the basilar artery prior to entering into the circle of willis |
| what two neurotransmitters maintain the resting (autonomic) tone of the heart | acetylcholine and norepinephrine |
| what is diastolic blood pressure | pressure in arteries during ventricular relaxation |
| what is the isovolumeric contraction phase | the phase in a cardiac cycle when all the valves are closed |
| the (internal/external) jugular vein drains veins from the brain | the INTERNAL jugular vein drains blood from the brain |
| what vein drains the liver into the vena cava | hepatic veins |
| to monitor the blood pressure of the start of systemic circuit there are baroreceptors in the _______________________ | AORTIC SINUSES have stretch receptors that monitor the start of the systemic circuit |
| what are the controls the heart and peripheral blood vessels | cardiovascular centers |
| between vessel length and vessel diameter, which is constant in adults | vessel length is constant in adults |
| what drives filtration in the capillaries | hydrostatic pressure drives filtration in the capillaries |
| what is isovolumetric relaxation | it is the phase in early diastole when both the atria and the ventricles are relaxed |
| name the 5 main arteries that branch off the descending aorta | 1) Celiac trunk, 2) Superior Mesentaric Artery, 3) Renal Arteries, 4) Gonadal Arteries, and 5) Inferior Mesenartic Artery |
| what are the smallest branches of arteries | arterioles |
| physiologically what is happening to fluid at the arterial end of the capillary bed | fluid moves out of the capillary and into the interstitial fluid |
| approx. how many impulses does the SA node produce per minute | 100 impulses per minute |
| where is the heart located in the human body | the mediastinum of the chest |
| _____________________________ changes blood flow to a specific area/region of the body | cardiovascular regulation changes blood flow to a specific area |
| name three hormones that will increase heart rate | norepinepherine, epinepherine, and thyroid hormones (T3/T4) |
| what is circulatory pressure | it is the pressure across the systemic circulation |
| if a solute concentration is higher then osmotic pressure is (higher/lower) | higher solute concentration leads to HIGHER osmotic pressure |
| End Diastolic Volume - End Systolic Volume = ____________________________ | Stroke Volume = EDV - ESV |
| what is the cause of cardiac muscle repolarization | potassium ion loss |
| what artery feeds into the right radial artery | right brachial artery |
| what are the name of the structures/ridges on the inside of the cardiac ventricles that are made of out of cardiac muscle | trabeculae carneae |
| where does the great saphenous vein drain blood from | the foot and lower extremety |
| what reflex responds to chemical composition (particularly pH (H+ concentration) and dissolved gasses) | chemoreceptor reflexes respond to pH changes and dissolved gases |
| what vessel feeds blood into the right atrium | superior and inferior vena cava |
| what vein drains blood from the face and scalp into the subclavian vein | the external jugular vein drains the blood from the face and scalp to the subclavian vein |
| ther (systemic/pulmonary) arteries carry oxygen -poor and nutrient poor blood away from the heart | pulmonary arteries carry oxygen-poor blood and nutrient-poor blood |
| what ion produces cardiac contractions | calcium ions |
| what two phases of cardiac muscle contraction is considered to be the absolute refractory period | rapid depolarization and plateau |
| when heart rate increases, the time spent in each phase of the cardiac cycle (increase/decrease) | decrease |
| where (body location) can you find an anastomosis? what is another name for this? | the circle of willis in the brian |
| reabsorption is a result of _______________- | reabsorption is a result of OSMOSIS |
| describe preloading (stretching) while the body is at rest | the myocardium stretches less while body is at rest |
| during diffusion ions move from (high/low) concentration to an area of (high/low) concentration | diffusion moves from high to low concentration |
| the ____________________ veins drain the right side of the thorax into the superior vena cava and is part of the azygos system | azygos |
| how do materials move across capillary walls | 1) diffusion, 2) filtration, 3) reabsorbtion |
| when blood enters into the internal iliac artery, what artery is it coming from? | common iliac artery |
| name the three main arteries that branch off the aortic arch (in order of appearance) | brachiocephalic artery/trunk, left common carotid, and left subclavian |
| what is recall of fluids | increased reabsorption of interstitial fluids |
| the ____________________ neurons from the autonomic nervous system decrease the heart rate | parasympathetic |
| what vessels have lowest blood pressure | veins have lowest blood pressure |
| during ventricular systole, there is an increase in (atrial/ventricular) pressure and the AV valves (open/close) | ventricular pressure increases and the AV valves are closed |
| what pair of valves sit between (and separate) the atria and the ventricles | atrioventricular valves |
| what can be caused by an ectopic pacemaker | ectopic heart beats (premature atrial/ventricular contractions) |
| the capillaries in what organ is responsible for gas exchange (getting rid of CO2 and importing O2) | capillaries in the LUNGS are responsible for gas exchange |
| what happens if the tricuspid valve does not function properly | blood will back up in the systemic circuit and cause swelling in the extremities |
| _______________________________ is generated to overcome resistance | pressure |
| the heart monitors oxygen and carbon dioxide levels using | chemoreceptors |
| why are EKG's important? | they can be used to diagnose certain heart problems and other damage to the cardiac muscle |
| for further digestion and processing in the liver, blood returned from the digestive system flows through a second vein to the liver. what is the name of thies vein | the hepatic portal vein |
| there is a (direct/indirect) relationship between blood flow and resistance | there is an indirect relationship between resistance and blood flow |
| what is a precapillary sphincter | a muscular opening into each capillary bed |
| name the vein that drain the kidneys | renal veins drain the kidneys |
| what two factors can affect heart rate | autonomic nervous system and hormones |
| what is the function of net capillary colloid osmotic pressure | pulls water and solutes into the capillary from interstitial fluid |
| the muscle in the (right/left) ventricle is thicker and more powerful than the muscle in the (right/left) ventricle because... | the muscle in the left ventricle is thicker and more powerful than the muscle in the right ventricle because the left ventricle pumps the blood into the systemic circiut |
| veins from the trunk, viscera, and lower limbs feed into the (superior/inferior) vena cava | inferior vena cava recives blood from the torso, viscera, and BLE |
| how does dehydration affect blood colloid osmotic pressure | blood colloid osmotic pressure increases with dehydration |
| what aspect of the vascular system is absolutely vital to homeostasis | capillary pressure and capillary exchange |
| the semilunar valves (do/do not) have muscular and tendon support | do not |
| the right and left _______________________ veins unite to form the superior vena cava | the brachiocephalic veins |
| what causes the blood flow in the capillary beds to constantly change routes | vasomotion - the contraction and relaxation cycle of capillary sphincters |
| the (systemic/pulmonary) arteries carry blood away from the right ventricle | pulmonary arteries carry blood away from the right ventricle of the heart |
| when the blood enters into the external iliac where is it coming from | the common iliac artery |
| name the three types of capillaries in the body | 1) continuous capillary, 2) fenestrated capillary, 3) sinusoid |
| what is turbulence | turbulence is the swirling action that disturbs smooth flow of fluid |
| name the four chambers of the heart | right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, left ventricle |
| what is the name of the system of veinsthat drains the intercostal muscles of the thorax and abdomen wall | azygos system |
| what is autoregulation | adjusting blood flow within a tissue while cardiac output remains the same |
| what artery feeds into the right axillary artery | right subclavian artery |
| what causes blood colloid osmotic pressure | suspended blood proteins capillary walls that are too large to cross |
| name two factors that might effect stroke volume (SV) | filling time and venous return |
| what does the right radial artery and the right ulnar artery | the right hand |
| name the path that blood takes when it leaves the heart and goes to the kidneys | aortic arch, descending aorta, renal arteries, kidneyes |
| what is a moderator band | spurs from the right bundle branch and goes through the right ventricle |
| why is it important that a refractory period is longer in cardiac muscle than in skeletal muscle | it prevents premature cardiac contractions and other abnormal beats such as summation and tetany |
| what triggers the release of the calcium ion reserves from the sarcoplasmic reticulum in cardiac muscle cells | arrival of extracellular calcium ions |
| hormones have (long-term/short-term/both long-term and short-term) effect on cardiovascular regulation | hormones have BOTH LONG-TERM AND SHORT-TERM effects on cardiovascular regulation |
| what is total peripheral resistance | the resistance of the entire cardiovascular system |
| how is cardiac output measured | heart rate multiplied by stroke volume (CO = HR x SV) |
| there are two sounds that can be heard with each heart beat. name what causes these sounds (in the order of which they are heard) | 1) closing of the AV valves, 2) closing of the Semilunar Valves |
| if a cardiac muscle is stimulated to contract during the plateau phase of a cardiac contraction the muscle (will not/will) contract again. why? | during the plateau phase of cardiac contraction it is in the absolute refractory period. therefore, it will not contract |
| what vein feeds into the hepatic portal vein | superior mesenteric vein |
| what does the t wave signify | ventricular repolarization |
| name the three layers of tissue that make up the blood vessels (from most inner to most outer) | 1) tunica intima, 2) tunica media, 3) tunica externa |
| what artery is to the immediate left of the left common carotid artery | left subclavian artery |
| during heart contraction, blood flows into (high/low) pressure area to a (high/low) pressure area | high to low pressure area |
| how does hemorrhaging affect capillary hydrostatic pressure | hemorrhaging reduces capillary hydrostatic pressure |
| what are three things that affect total peripheral resistance | 1) vascular resistance, 2) blood viscosity, 3) turbulence |
| what is the circulatory system composed of | heart, blood and blood vessels |
| if the SA node fails to generated a heart beat, what node takes over and what is the rate at which they generate a cardiac cycle | the Atrioventricular node takes over the pacing of the heart when the sinoatrial node fails (known as a junctional rhythm), the AV Node has a pace of 40-60 beats per minute |
| what is systolic blood pressure | pressure in the arteries of ventricular ejection |
| where is the location of exchange between blood and interstitial fluid | capillaries |
| name the chords that connect the atrioventricular valves to the papillary muscles | chordae tendineae |
| what two factors contribute to net hydrostatic pressure | 1) capillary hydrostatic pressure (CHP) , 2) interstitial Fluid Hydrostatic Pressure (IHP) |
| stimulation from what autonomic nervous system slows the heart rate | parasympathetic stimulation |
| if there is a restriction of arterial blood flow, what will happen to the afterload | afterload will increase with the restriction of arterial blood flow |
| starting from the vena cava, name the path way that blood goes through in the heart (include major arteries and veins attached to the base of the heart, all valves, and the circuit names ) | vena cava, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary semilunar valve, pulmonary trunk/artery, pulmonary circuit, pulmonary veins, left atrium, mitral valve, left ventricle, aortic valve, ascending aorta, systemic circuit, vena cava |
| what types of blood vessels are microscopic thin and are the location for nutrient/waste/gas exchange between blood and tissues | capillaries |
| name the classes of blood vessels that blood goes through (from the heart and back to the heart) | arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins |
| at rest, the EDV is (high/low) | at rest, end diastolic volume is low |
| what event, directly affects the heart muscle's ability to produce tension | preloading |
| what cases immediate localized homeostatic adjustments to blood pressure and cardiac output | autoregulation causes immediate, localized homeostatic adjustments |
| the volume of blood held in the right ventricle is (the same/greater than/lesser than) the amount of volume held in the left ventricle | the volume in the right ventricle is equal to the volume in the left ventricle |
| what are the only types of substances that can diffuse through endothelial plasma membranes | lipids and lipid soluble materials (like O2) |
| from the left ventricle, how do you get to the RIGHT Radial artery | aortic semilunar valve, aortic arch, brachiocephalic artery, right axillary artery, right brachial artery, right radial artery |
| what is diffusion | the passive movement of ions of molecules through a membrane |
| what happens when atrial pressure exceeds that in the ventricles | the AV valves open and blood begins to flow in the ventricles |
| how does calcium produce the contractions in the heart | there is an influx of calcium ions around the myofibrils |
| (arteries/veins ) have thicker walls | arteries |
| each semilunar valve has (two/three) cusps | three cusps |
| name the pathway that an action potential goes through when producing a heart beat | sinoatrial node --> atrioventricular node --> atrioventricular bundle --> bundle branches --> purkinje fibers |
| what vessels collect blood from the capillaries | venules |
| where is average blood pressure highest and where is it second highest | blood pressure is highest at elastic arteries and second highest at the muscular arteries |
| what is the purpose of the venous valves | prevent backflow of blood in veins |
| what are the two major things that assist with venous return | muscular compression of peripheral veins and the respiratory pump. |
| stretch (Baro) receptors in the Carotid Sinus are used to maintain blood flow to __________________________ | stretch receptors in the carotid sinus maintain the blood flow to the brain |
| Cardiac Output (has a limit/has no limit) | Cardiac Output has limits |
| what is the common term for sphygmomanometer | blood pressure cuff |
| what are the function of the semilunar valves | prevent backflow from the aorta/pulmonary trunk into the left and right ventricles (respectively) |
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