echocardiography 1 Word Scramble
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| Question | Answer |
| Two main systems | left and right |
| The left coronary artery (LCA) branches into: | • Left Anterior Descending (LAD) -feeds anterior wall of LV, IVS, apex of heart • Left Circumflex (LCx) -feeds lateral and posterior portion of LV |
| Right system | Right Coronary Artery (RCA) -feeds inferior wall of RV |
| The largest vessels in the body are | Arteries and Veins |
| The exchange of blood occurs at | Capillary level |
| • The spinal cord is posterior to the heart? | True |
| Arteries have small valves inside them to assist in the movement of flow back to the heart? | False |
| Sinoatrial (SA) Node | - located at the right atrial wall; inferior to opening of SVC, - Has the highest degree of “automaticity” - Native “pacemaker” of the heart |
| Internodal Pathways | -Three: Anterior, Middle, Posterior - Feeds RA - Bachmann’s Bundle – Feeds LA |
| AV Node and Bundle of His | - Connections of atria to ventricles; - impulse slows for about .05 seconds to allow for ventricular filling |
| Bundle Branches | - Right and Left bundle branches; Right feeds RV, Left feeds LV |
| Purkinje fibers | - Penetrates into the ventricular muscle, - rapidly conducts action potential to ventricles |
| Normal Intracardiac Pressures | RA – mean of 5 mmHg RV – 25/5 mmHg PA – 25/10 mmHg LA – mean of 10 mmHg LV – 120/10 mmHg AO – 120/80 mmHg |
| P wave | represents atrial depolarization (discharge), followed immediately by atrial systole (contraction) |
| QRS Complex | represents ventricular depolarization (discharge), followed immediately by ventricular systole (contraction) |
| T wave | represents ventricular repolarization (recharge) |
| Isoelectric line | represents no conduction or contraction |
| R to R interval | represents 1 complete cardiac cycle |
| 1 cardiac cycle includes two phase… | Systole and diastole |
| R – R represents | 1 complete cardiac cycle |
| Ventricular contraction | Ventricular Systole |
| Ventricular Systole ECG timing: | Closure of the AV valves to closure of the SV valves Defined from the R wave to the end of the T wave |
| Ventricular Systole Includes 3 phases | Isovolumic contraction phase (time) Rapid ejection Reduced ejection |
| Isovolumic Contraction Period/Time (IVCT) | Period begins at atrioventricular (AV) valve closure (enddiastole) and continues until semilunar (SL) valve opening |
| Iso volumic | equal volume |
| Isovolumic Contraction Period/Time | Heart volume is at its largest No volume change because all valves are closed during this period Duration: Valves are closed for a split second Pressure rises rapidly in preparation for SL valve opening |
| Rapid Ventricular Ejection | Occupies the approx. first half of systole SL Valves open Rapid ejection of blood Ventricular volume rapid decreases |
| Reduced Ventricular Ejection | Ventricular pressure begins to decline Repolarization (recharging) occurs (on the T wave) |
| Ventricular Diastole | Ventricular filling Closure of the SL valves to closure of the AV valves. |
| Ventricular Diastole ECG rhythm timing: | Defined from the end of the T wave to the R wave |
| Ventricular Diastole Includes 4 phases | Isovolumic relaxation phase (time) Early rapid filling Diastasis Late filling |
| Isovolumic Relaxation Time/Period (IVRT) | Period begins at semilunar (SL) valve closure (endsystole) and continues until atrioventricular (AV) valve opening |
| Isovolumic Relaxation Time/Period IVRT | Heart volume is at its smallest No volume change because all valves are closed during this period Duration: Valves are closed for a split second Pressure decreases rapidly in preparation for AV valve opening |
| Stroke Volume (SV) | Volume of blood pumped out of the ventricles during systole (per heart beat |
| SV timing | SL valve opening-toclosure ( upstroke of S wave to end of T wave) |
| SV measurements | Measured in milliliters (mL’s) or cubic centimeters (cc’s |
| SV normal range | 70 – 100 mL/ heart beat |
| Frank-Starling Law | The greater the volume of blood in the heart during diastole (filling), the more forceful the contraction, the more blood the ventricle will pump |
| Frank-Starling Law normal volume/pres relationship | Stroke volume ~ 75 mL/beat (changes with heart rate) LVEDP ~ 8 mmHg |
| Frank-Starling Law | Increase venous return = increased LVEDP = increased preload = increased SV and vise versa |
| SV Calculations | End diastolic volume (EDV) – End systolic volume (ESV) |
| Four Determinants of Left Ventricular Function | Heart Rate Preload Afterload Contractility |
| Heart Rate | (chronotropic) |
| Heart Rate expressed as | beats per minute (BPM) |
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eduarda146
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