Urinalysis Word Scramble
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| Question | Answer |
| What urinary system disorders are indicators for a urinalysis? | Renal disease/failure, bacterial infection, hematuria, neoplasia, urolithiasis, and crystalluria |
| What non-urinary disorders are indicators for a urinalysis? | diabetes mellitus, diabetes insipidus, liver failure, severe hemolytic disease, systemic acidosis and pre-renal azotemia |
| What term refers to an abnormal concentration of urine constituents in the blood caused by generalized renal disease? | uremia |
| What is the most common type of diabetes insipidus? | central |
| What 6 things can influence the value of a urinalysis? | diet, patient condition, sample method, sample handling and preservation, test methods, and medications |
| What two things must be present for a UTI? | WBCs and bacteria |
| What term refers to the act of passing urine? | micturition |
| What are the 4 methods of collecting a urine sample? | voided, bladder expression, catheterization and cystocentesis |
| What type of collection method is also called free catch? | voided |
| What is the easiest method for obtaining a urine sample? | voided |
| What type of voided sample is considered to be the least contaminated? | midstream |
| What 2 collection methods are used for culture and sensitivity testing? | catheterization and cystocentesis |
| What position should the animal be placed in to collect a sample via manual expression? | standing or lateral recumbency |
| What are the 2 types of catheters used for urine collection? | polypropylene and red rubber |
| How are red rubber catheters measured? | FR (French) |
| What tool is required when placing a urinary catheter in female patients (in addition to usual items)? | speculum |
| What type of cells should on expect when placing a urinary catheter? | epithelial cells |
| What is the method of choice for culture and sensitivity? | cystocentesis |
| When performing a cystocentesis you should use what gauge needle? What height of needle? And what size syringe? | 20-22g; 1-1.5 inch needle, and 10ml syringe |
| What position should an animal be placed for cystocentesis? | standing, lateral recumbency or dorsal recumbency |
| What location should the needle be placed when performing a cystocentesis? | caudal abdomen on midline |
| What test should always be performed prior to urine being refrigerated? | specific gravity |
| Urine samples allowed to sit at room temperature will have ___________ glucose and bilirubin. | decreased |
| Urine samples allowed to sit at room temperature will have ___________ pH? | increased |
| True or false. Casts are formed in urine samples that are allowed to sit at room temperature. | False (Breakdown) |
| How long can a sample be refrigerated for? | 6-12 hours |
| ______________ can form or degrade in a urine sample due to refrigeration. | crystals |
| A preservative is used for samples required to be held for how long? | >12 hours |
| What is the preservative of choice? | 40% formalin |
| How much formalin is added per 1 ounce of urine for preserving? | 1 gtt |
| What are the 4 most commonly used preservatives for urine samples? | thymol, toluene and 5% phenol |
| What 5 pieces of information should a urinalysis report always include? | patient information, collection technique, date/time of collection, method of preservation and completed results |
| What are the 3 components to a urinalysis? | physical, chemical and microscopic findings |
| What transparency term refers refers to the snowglobe effect seen in urine samples with the naked eye? | flocculent |
| What are the 5 physical properties of urine? | odor, color, transparency, specific gravity and volume |
| What do sensible losses refer to? | urine (Measurable) |
| What do insensible losses refer to? | respiratory or feces (Unmeasurable) |
| What do contemporary losses refer to? | Vomit and diarrhea |
| Urine should be determined over a ______ time period. | 24 hour |
| What is the normal daily urine output? | 20-40ml/kg |
| What term refers to an increase in daily urine output? | polyuria |
| What term refers to urinating more frequently? | pollakiuria |
| What consituent of urine gives it its color? | urochrome |
| The _____ concentrated the urine the higher the specific gravity. | more |
| What 2 species naturally have cloudy urine? | horses and rabbits |
| What 2 things cause horses and rabbits to have naturally cloudy urine? | mucus and calcium carbonate |
| What makes urine green and foamy? | bile pigments |
| What is the #1 reason for bile pigments in the urine? | cholestasis |
| What makes urine dark brown or black? | myoglobin |
| What condition affects active animals after excessive muscle breakdown and causes them to pee dark brown/black? | "Tying Up" or Exertional Rhabdomyolysis |
| True or false. Odor is diagnostic. | False |
| Urine of what 3 animals is naturally pungent? | male cats, goats and pigs |
| What urine odor is produced from bacteria growth? | ammonia |
| What gives urine a sweet/fruity smell? | ketones |
| What are the 3 conditions associated with ketones in the urine? | DM, ketosis in cows and pregnancy disease in sheep |
| What is the result of fat breakdown? | ketones |
| Specific gravity is the weight of a liquid compared to what? | distilled water |
| What are the 3 methods to determine USG? | refractometer, reagent strips and urinometer |
| Increased temp causes ______________ specific gravity. | increased |
| What is the range of USG in the dog? | 1.001-1.060 (1.025) |
| What is the range of USG in the cat? | 1.001-1.080 (1.030) |
| What species has a greater urine concentrating ability? | cat |
| What is the specific gravity of glomerular filtrate? | 1.010 |
| What occurs when USG approaches that of glomerular filtrate? | isothenuria |
| What is the #1 cause of hypersthenuria? | dehydration |
| What percentage of urine consists of water? | 95% |
| What chemical property is on human reagent strips that isnt normally on vet reagent strips? | nitrite |
| What does pH measure? | hydrogen ion concentration |
| What pH is considered to be acidic? | below 7.0 |
| What pH is considered to be basic? | above 7.0 |
| What is the normal pH of dogs and cats? | 6.0-7.0 |
| What is the #1 factor that influences the pH of urine? | diet |
| What type of pH will the urine of an animal with a high protein diet have? | acidic |
| What type of pH will the urine of an animal with a plant diet have? | basic |
| What type of pH is caused by vomiting, severe diarrhea, fever and starvation? | acidic |
| True or false. Only the cystocentesis method can cause protein in the urine. | false (All but free catch) |
| True or false. Protein is normal in the urine. | false |
| What is the primary protein measured with reagent strips? | albumin |
| What test is used to confirm significant amounts of protein in the urine? | UPC (Urine protein/creatinine) |
| What test should never be performed if bacteria is present in the urine? | UPC |
| What breed is affected by fanconi syndrome? | basenji |
| What are examples of pre-renal causes of proteinuria? | shock, CHF, fever, increased exercise, overflow of transient protein from the blood |
| What is another name for glucosuria? | glycosuria |
| What part of the kidney filters? | glomerulus |
| What part of the kidney absorbs? | tubules |
| What drugs cause false positives of glucose in the urine? | Vit C, morphine, aspirin, penicillin and other antibiotics |
| True or false. Tablet glucose tests detect ANY sugar type in the urine. | True |
| What 2 conditions besides diabetes mellitus are associated with glucosuria? | cushings and pancreatitis |
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fadedfaithless
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