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Orchestra SPG/Final
Review and study guide for SPG/Final Exam
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Major Scale | A series of 8 consecutive notes arranged starting with a whole step and ending with a half step. This scale sounds "happy." Order of Whole Steps and Half Steps is WWhWWWh |
| Natural Minor Sclae | A series of 8 consecutive notes starting and ending with a whole step. This scale is not altered and sounds "sad." It shares the same key signature as its relative Major. The order of Whole steps and half steps is WhWWhWW. |
| Harmonic Minor Scale | A series of 8 consecutive notes, raise the 7th note of the natural minor scale by one half step. (Middle Eastern sound) |
| Melodic Minor Scale | A series of 8 consecutive notes, raise the 6th and 7th notes by one half step of the natural minor scale. The 6th and 7th notes are lowered one half step when descending down the minor scale. |
| D Major | Key Signature, F# and C#, relative minor is b minor |
| G Major | Key Signature, F#, relative minor is e minor |
| C Major | Key Signature, No sharps and no flats, relative minor is a minor |
| A Major | Key Signature, F#, C#, G#, relative minor is f# minor |
| F Major | Key Signature, Bb, relative minor is d minor |
| Bb Major | Key Signature, Bb and Eb, relative minor is g minor |
| Eb Major | Key Signature, Bb, Eb, Ab, relative minor is c minor |
| b minor | Key Signature, F# and C#, relative Major is D Major |
| e minor | Key Signature, F#, relative Major is G Major |
| a minor | Key Signature, no sharps and no flats, relative Major is C Major |
| f# minor | Key Signature, F#, C#, G#, relative Major is A Major |
| d minor | Key Signature, Bb, relative Major is F Major |
| g minor | Key Signature, Bb and Eb, relative Major is Bb Major |
| c minor | Key Signature, Bb, Eb, Ab, relative Major is Eb Major |
| Order of Sharps | F#, C#, G#, D#, A#, E#, B# |
| Order of Flats | Bb, Eb, Ab, Db, Gb, Cb, Fb |
| Process of identifying a Major key signature with sharps | Identify the last sharp of the key signature, go up one half step - that is the name of your Major Key Signature. |
| Process of identifying a Major key signature with flats | Identify the next to last flat in the key signature - that is the name of your Major Key Signature |
| Process of identifying a minor key signature | Name the Major Key Signature - go down 3 half steps from the name of that Major Key - that is the name of your relative minor key signature. |
| Octave | Also called P8, Interval |
| Major 7th | Interval of seven notes from bottom to top (top note is in the key signature of bottom note) |
| Major 6th | Interval of six notes from bottom to top (top note is in the key signature of bottom note) |
| minor 6th | Interval of six notes from bottom to top (top note is not in the key signature of the bottom note) |
| minor 7th | Interval of seven notes from bottom to top (top note is not in the key signature of bottom note) |
| Perfect 5th | Interval also known as P5. The space between Cello, Viola, and Violin Strings |
| Perfect 4th | Interval also known as P4. The space between Bass strings |
| Major 3rd | Interval of three notes from bottom to top (top note is in the key signature of the bottom note). |
| minor 3rd | Interval of three notes from bottom to top (top note is not in the key signature of bottom note) |
| Major 2nd | Interval of two notes from bottom to top (top note is in the key signature of bottom note). |
| minor 2nd | Interval of two notes from bottom to top (top note is not in the key signature of bottom note). |
| Major Chord | Top two notes are in the key of the bottom note. 3 harmonious notes |
| minor chord | 3 harmonious notes with the 3rd (middle note) lowered one half step - note in the key of the bottom note. |
| Diminished chord | 3 harmonious notes with the 3rd and 5th (middle and top notes) lowered one half step - they are not in the key of the bottom note. |
| Augmented chord | 3 harmonious notes with the 5th (top note) raised one half step. |
| Common Time | 4/4 time signature also known as C |
| Time Signature | Top note indicates how many beats in a measure, bottom note indicates they type of note that gets the beat |
| 3/4 | Three beats in a measure, the quarter note gets the beat |
| 6/8 | Six beats in a measure, the eighth note gets the beat |
| Spiccato | Bouncing articulation, bow is placed at the balance point or frog |
| Staccato | Short and spaced articulation, bow is placed in the middle or lower half of the bow |
| Legato | Smooth and connected articulation |
| Marcato | Strong and spaced notes, uses more bow than staccato articulation, March-like |
| Up Beat | Also known as anacrusis or pick-up, note(s) before the first measure |
| Tonic | First note of the scale |
| Dominant | Fifth note of the scale |
| Antiquity | Musical Time Period from 400-800 AD |
| Medieval | Musical Time Period from 800-1400 |
| Renaissance | Musical Time Period from 1400-1600, Christopher Columbus, Da Vinci |
| Baroque | Musical Time Period from 1600-1750, J.S. Bach, Terraced dynamics, harpsichord, Handel's Messiah (Hallelujah Chorus) |
| Classical | Musical Time Period from 1750-1820, Vivaldi, Mozart, early Beethoven, Mendelsshon |
| Romantic | Musical Time Period from 1820-1900, Beethoven, Brahms, Tchaikovsky, Civil War Time Period |
| Contemporary | Musical Time Period from 1900 - Present, Gershwin, Copeland, Britten, John Williams |
| Sul Ponticello | Special sound effect by playing over the bridge |
| Sul Tasto | Special sound effect by playing over the fingerboard |
| Soundpost | Small wooden piece found inside the instrument placed standing up underneath bridge |
| Leading Tone | Raised 7th scale degree (note) of a scale |
| Relative Minor | Shares the same key signature as Major scale |
| Parallel Minor | Shares the same name as Major Scale |
| Lento | Slow tempo |
| Dolce | Sweet style |
| Presto | Very fast tempo |
| Allegro | Fast tempo |
| Andante | Slow tempo |
| Moderato | Moderate tempo - walking speed |
| pp | pianissimo dynamic, very soft, played near fingerboard and upper half of bow |
| ff | fortissimo dynamic, very loud, playered near bridge and lower half of bow with lots of arm weight |
| ritardondo | gradually slow down the tempo |
| fermata | musical symbol that means to hold the note at conductor's discretion |
| Accelerando | gradually speed up the tempo |
| Ictus | Point at which the beat occurs when conducting |
| Treble Clef | G Clef, Violins read this clef |
| Alto Clef | C Clef, Violas read this clef and is shaped like a capitol B |
| Bass Clef | F Clef, Cellos and Basses read this clef and is shaped like half of a heart |
| Triplet | Three eighth notes grouped together to equal one beat |
| Interval | Distance between two notes |
| A | The pitch the orchestra tunes from. 440 hz |
| BPM | Beats Per Minute, the speed or metronome marking |
| Pedal Tone | A note held out for long periods of time, usually in the bass section |
| Counter Melody | rhythm is similar to melody, but contains repeated notes, pitch is different |
Created by:
laurawood7106
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