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Al-Kitaab Grammar
All the grammar rules from Al-Kitaab Book 1.
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What do nouns and adjectives always carry? | Gender. |
| What are the two categories of nouns in Arabic? | Human and non-Human. |
| What gender do human nouns follow? Including what type of noun? | The gender of the person, including proper nouns. |
| What gender do nouns for inanimate objects have? Does it change? | Their own gender. No, it doesn't change. |
| What must be used for 'it'? Why? | هو/هي must be used depending on the gender of the noun being referred to, because there is no neutral, non-gendered noun for 'it'. |
| What does ة on a singular noun almost always show? | That it is feminine. |
| How is ة sometimes pronounced? What happens when it is not pronounced? | It is sometimes pronounced as ت. When not pronounced, the proceeding َ is. |
| What must agree with the gender of the noun? | Adjectives, pronouns, and verbs that refer to the noun. |
| What gender are names of cities? Why? | Feminine, because they follow the gender of the noun مدينة. |
| What gender are foreign countries? | Feminine. |
| Which words end with ة without being feminine? What is an example of a feminine noun which lacks ة? | Some masculine, classical nouns like خليفة and some plurals. شمس (sun). |
| What makes a noun definite? | ال. |
| What can be definite without the definite article? | Some proper names and nouns. |
| What is a نسبة adjective? What do they indicate? | An adjective formed from nouns by adding the suffix يّ. They indicate origin or affiliation, especially when referencing a place. |
| How do you form a نسبة adjective from a place name? | You remove ال, ة, and the final ا or يا , then add يّ or يّة. |
| How are questions asked informally and formally? | With a spoken rising intonation or by using هل at the beginning. |
| When interrogative articles are used with prepositions in formal Arabic, what comes first? | The preposition. |
| What are the three sets of personal pronouns in Arabic? | Subject, object, and possessive. |
| What are the three types of human plural? | Broken, sound masculine, and sound feminine. |
| What are broken plurals? | Where the consonants shift into different vowel patterns so the syllabic structure of the word changes. |
| What endings do the human sound masculine use? What is only pronounced formally? Which ending does spoken Arabic use? Which types of adjectives take this form? What is the exception? | ينَ or ونَ. The َ is only pronounced in formal Arabic. Spoken Arabic uses ين. Almost all نسبة adjectives take this plural, apart from عرب. |
| What ending does the human sound feminine take? | ات. |
| How are non-human plurals treated in terms of agreement? | They are treated as feminine singular. |
| What is a الجملة الاسمية? When is it used? | A sentence that begins with a noun or a pronoun. Used when discussing multiple important topics. |
| What two parts do الجملة الاسمية have? | A subject and a predicate. |
| In الجملة الاسمية what should nouns and adjectives do? | Agree in gender and plurality. |
| What is الإضافة? | A phrase that consists of two or more nouns together forming a relationship of possession or belonging. |
| What can only the last word in الإضافة take? In sentences with more than two nouns, how do all non-final nouns behave? | ال or a possessive suffix. Like the first. |
| In الإضافة how must ة be pronounced? What is the exception? | Must be pronounced as ت apart from on the final world. |
| How is the subject of present/incomplete verbs given? | By prefixes or suffixes. |
| What are the personal pronouns? | I = أنا. You (مذكر) = أنتَ. You (مونث) = أنتِ. He/it = هو. She/it = هي. We = نحْن. You (Pl) = أنتم. They = هم. |
| What are the prefixes and suffixes for giving the subject of present/incomplete verbs? | I = ...أ. You (مذكر) = ...تَ. You (مونث) = تَ...ينَ/ي. He = ...يَ. She = ...تَ. We = ...نَ. You (Pl) = تَ...ونَ/وا. (ا not pronounced). They = يَ...ونَ/وا. (ا not pronounced). |
| What are the possessive suffixes? | Mine = ي... Yours (مذكر) = كَ... Yours (مونث) = كِ... His = هُ... Hers = ها... Ours = نا... Yours (Pl) = كُم... Theirs = هُم... |
| What is الجملة الفعلة? When is it used? | A sentence that begins with a verb. It is used in event narration. |
| What does (تنوين الفتح) اً do? | Makes nouns/adjectives into adverbs. |
| Where do adjectives come in a sentence? | Tend to follow the verb, but can follow the object of the verb or come at the end of the sentence. |
| What is the structure of جمل اسمية? What do the words not have? | A (noun) (adjective). No definite article. |
| What is the structure of a definite noun-adjective phrase? What do the words have? | The (noun) (adjective). All the words have ال. |
| What is the structure of an indefinite noun-adjective phrase? What is definite? | The (noun) is (adjective). The noun is definite. |
| What do possessive suffixes do? | Make nouns definite. |
| What type of nouns/adjectives can اً also be used on? What is dropped and what gender is used? What does the phrase become? | Nouns/adjectives referring to time/space. ال is dropped and the masculine form is used. The phrase becomes less specific. |
| 'This is a' (definite or indefinite) noun? | Indefinite. |
| 'This' (definite or indefinite) noun? | Definite. |
| 'This is the' (what type of pronoun? matching what?) (definite or indefinite) noun? | Possessive pronoun matching gender. Definite. |
| When لِ is written with ال, what does it become? | لِل. |
| What is a مصدر? | An infinite verb/verbal noun. |
| What does لِ mean? What is it followed by? | In order to/for. Followed by definite مصدر. |
| What does بسبب mean? What is it followed by? | Because of. Followed by noun/noun phrase. |
| What does لأنّ mean? What is it followed by? What happens if a pronoun begins a sentence? | Because. Followed by a full sentence. It must be attached through possessive suffixes. |
| What possessive suffixes do possessive prepositions use? | The usual ones. |
| What does مع imply in terms of possession? | Possession at the time of speaking. |
| What does لِ normally imply in terms of possession? What can it also be used for? | Possession of human relationships/abstract ideas. OR can be used to express abstract qualities of non-human possession. |
| What does عند imply in terms of possession? | Normal possession. |
| What does في imply in terms of possession? | Non-human possession e.g. a house has. |
| What is ليس used for? | Used to negate possession in written Arabic. |
| What is used to negate possession in spoken Arabic? | ما. |
| Why does the possessive/'there' have to begin a sentence? | It cannot begin with an indefinite noun. |
| What word do you use to situate actions/states in the past? | كان. |
| What are the personal pronoun conjugations for كان? | I = كُنتُ. You (مذكر) = كُنْتَ. You (مونث) = كُنْتِ. He = كانَ. She = كانَت. We = كُنّا. You (Pl) = كُنْتُم. They = كنوا. |
| When does كان not conjugate? | When it is used for possessive/there is/are sentences. |
| In formal Arabic, what can كان agree with? | The possession. |
| What negates كان? | ما. |
| When asking about quantity, what is كم followed by? | A singular noun marked by اً. |
| How is the quantity of one expressed? | By just the noun. |
| How is the quantity of two expressed? | By adding the ending ىَيْن for spoken Arabic or ان for formal Arabic. |
| How are the quantities of 3-10 expressed? | By the number followed by the plural noun. |
| What preposition is used to give price? | بِ. |
| Actions in the past are conjugated. How? | I = تُ. You (مذكر) = تَ. You (مونث) = تِ. He = َ. She = ىَتْ. We = نا. You (Pl) = تُم. They = ا... وا... |
| How is the past usually negated? | ما. |
| What do words that share meanings have? | The same group of core consonants. |
| How do you find the root? | Remove ال and ة. Remove conjugation/plural/dual endings. ا cannot be a root letter. ء can be a root letter. ي/و can be removed if they are long vowels (u/i not w/y). م at the beginning can be removed. ت س and ن are often not root letters. |
| How do you know the root of two letter words? | A letter is doubled with ّ or use the plural to figure it out. |
| What letters demonstrate patterns? What do patterns highlight? | ف ع ل demonstrate patterns. They highlight the short vowels and consonants. |
| What are numbers from 11-100 followed by? | A singular noun. |
| What can be used instead of المصدر? | المضارع المنصوب +أنْ. |
| When adding أن, what happens to the verb describing the action? | It becomes subordinate to the verb that shows who is doing the action, so it has to be indefinite and match gender. |
| For المضارع المنصوب, what is added to/removed from gendered prefixes/suffixes? | َ is added at the end of most. For you (f), ن is removed, for you (Pl) and they, ن is replaced by a silent ا. |
| What does أن come between? | The verbs. |
| What must the words for 'before' and 'after' be followed by? | أن or المصدر. |
| How is a verb conjugated to show who the action is being done to? | Me = ني. You (مذكر) = كَ. You (مونث) = كِ. Him, it = هُ. Her, it = ها. Us = نا. You (Pl) = كُم. Them = هُم. |
| What happens when pronouns are added to the plural suffix وا? | The ا drops. |
| For المضارع المرفوع, or 'default form' of المضارع, what is added to gendered prefixes/suffixes? | ُ is added at the end of most. For you (f), you (Pl), and they, َ is added. |
| For المضارع المنصوب, what can be used as well as أن? What does it mean? | لِ, meaning 'in order to'. |
| What is جملة الصفة? | Relative clause/object sentence. A sentence where you refer back to the subject of the sentence by adding a possessive pronoun. |
| What possessive pronouns are used for جملة الصفة? What do they match? | ها and هُ. They match the gender of the subject. |
| What pattern is used to form the superlative? | أَفعَل. |
| When does an adjective not fit into the normal superlative pattern? What happens? | When it has two route letters that are the same. They are combined with ّ. |
| What happens when the last route letter is ي when forming the superlative? | It is changed to ى. |
| What is the superlative of جيد? Why? | أحسَن, because you can't say 'goodest'. |
| How is المُستَقبَل tense made? | By adding سَ at the front of the word, or by adding سَوفَ in front of the word. |
| How can the close future be represented? | With the present tense, like in English. |
| How is the future negated? | With لَن. |
| When negating the future, what rules are followed for the gendered prefixes/suffixes? | المضارع المنصوب rules. |
| How is 'to be' conjugated? | كنتُ -> سَأكون كنتَ -> ستكون كنتِ -> ستكونين كان -> سيكون كانَت -> ستكون كنّا -> سنكون كنتم -> ستكونون كانوا -> سيكونون |
| What can سَ and لن not do? | Go together. |
| What are the meanings of أنْ and إنّ and أنّ? | To, to only after قال (say), and that. |
| What does أنّ have to be followed by? | الجملة اسمية. A noun or the corresponding object pronoun. |
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Rheanna_Dove
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