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Music History Exam 1

TermDefinition
Chant Monophonic; Used in the church as part of the liturgy
Mass Symbolic reenactment of the Last Supper; The most important service in the Catholic Church
Motet Latin, polyphonic, came after organum; Different lines of text happening simultaneously, the original text in the tenor voice and different text in the line(s) above
Organum Early polyphony; Took chant and added something to it; Multiple forms: parallel organum, and mixed parallel & oblique organum
Chanson Secular French song; Composed by troubadours, trouveres, and trobairitz
Madrigal Italian style from Italian Trecento
Formes fixes "Fixed forms"; French songs in 14th century that have particular patterns of repetition: Ballad, Rondeau, and Virelai
Italian Trecento Italian secular music: Madrigal, Caccia, and Ballata
Liturgical drama A religious play; Example: Ordo Virtutum
Musical plays Secular play; Example: Adam de la Halle's Robin and Mario
Versus Sacred Latin song; Typical topics of Jesus' birth and the Virgin Mary
Conductus Could be secular OR sacred Latin song
Laude Italian sacred song
Goliard songs Latin songs sang by goliards (wandering students and clerics); Topics were not limited to anything
Cantiga Spanish or Portuguese monophonic songs; Typically about the Virgin Mary
Minnelieder German songs sang by Minnesingers
Ars Nova Meaning "new art"; French style of polyphony that started divisions of two OR three; Inventor was Phillipe de Vitry
Cantus firmus Name of the tenor line specifically in motets
Channsoniers French song books used by troubadours, mostly poems
Discant organum Both parts move at about the same rate with 1-3 notes in the upper part for each note of the lower voice
Duplum 2 voices; First added line above the tenor line
Epic Heroic songs about good deeds
Gamut The whole collection of notes in the mode or scale (Ut Re Mi Fa Sol La)
Guidonian Hand Solfege on the hand, different points had a different pitch associated
Hocket Compositional technique of alternating voices; "Hiccup"
Isorhythms Compositional technique of a repeated rhythmic pattern of the tenor voice; 2 elements: Talea and Color
Talea Rhythmic pattern of isorhythm
Color Melody of the isorhythm
Magnus liber organi Book of organum associated with Notre Dame polyphony and Leonin and Perotin
Minnesinger German knightly singer
Melismatic Long melodic passages for one syllable
Mixed parallel and oblique organum Parallel fourths except for where there are tritones
Monophony Unison singing, all on the same pitch or in octaves
Musica ficta Music outside of the normal gamut (chromatic alterations); Done to avoid tritones; Weren't always written out in the music
Neumatic 1-3 pitches per syllable; In between syllabic and melismatic
Neumes 1st notation system; Didn't give a specific rhythm or pitch, but gave number of notes and whether the melody ascended, descended, or repeated
Heightened neumes Neumes placed at varying heights; Indicated relative size and direction of intervals
Organal Voice Added voice above the tenor
Principal Voice Original voice, or tenor voice
Parallel organum Added voice that is a parallel fifth below
Polyphony Different melodies happening simultaneously
Polytextual More than one text within a composition; The Motet
Quadruplum Four voiced polyphony; Perotin composed quadruplum
Reciting tone Repeated note in the melody
Final tone Main note in the melody; Comparable to the tonic
Responsorial Soloist alternates with the choir or congregation
Rhythmic modes Notre dame polyphony; 6 different "modes" to choose from; All have a 6/8 feel
Syllabic Each syllable gets one note
Tenor Lowest voice; Original chant line; In a motet called the cantus firmus; In early organum called the principal voice
Triplum Three voiced polyphony
Trope Expansion on existing chant; Added words, notes, text, etc.
Troubadour Male singer from Southern France; Language: Occitan
Trobairitz Female singer from Southern France; Language: Occitan
Trouvere Singers from Northern France; Language: Old French
Who was Hildegard of Bingen? Sacred composer, known for Liturgical drama
Who were Leonin and Perotin? Associated with Notre Dame Polyphony; Leonin composed 2 voice organum; Perotin composed 3-4 voice organum
Who was Machaut? Well known French composer of the 14th century; 1st to compile all his works; Famous for Mass of Our Lady
Who was Francesco Landini? Italian composer; Wrote Italian Trecento: Had a cadence named after him because he used it a lot
Who was Phillipe de Vitry? The inventor of Ars Nova
Who was Comtessa de Dia? A Trobairitz
Who was Bernart de Ventadorn? Troubadour who most likely brought Troubadour songs to North of France and inspired the development of Trouveres
Who was Guido of Arezzo? A monk and an early music theorist; He invented the 4 lines, color associations with certain lines, the gamut, and the Guidonian hand
Who was Roman de Fauvel? A donkey part of French political satire of the corruption in politics; Important because of the use of isorhythms and it was also part of Ars nova; Written by Phillipe de Vitry
What are the parts of the Mass Ordinary in order? Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, Sanctus, and Agnus Dei
What are some instruments of the medieval period? Transverse flute: Similar to modern flute, made of wood/ivory and did not have keys; Shawm: Double reed instrument similar to the oboe; Pipe and tabor: High whistle fingered w the left hand while the right hand beat a small drum w/ a stick
What is the difference between the Mass Ordinary and the Mass Proper? Mass Proper: Text changes from day to day and they were named by their function; Mass Ordinary: Text does not change and they were named by their first word
Who was the Mass for the Dead attributed to? Thomas of Celano
Who composed Ordo virtutum? Hildegard of Bingen
Who composed A chantar? Comtessa de Dia
Who composed Viderunt omnes? Perotin
Who composed La Messe de Nostre Dame Machaut
Who composed Cosi pensoso Francesco Landini
Created by: knaico
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