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BU AN101 Final
K. Arkin Final Spring 2011
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Margaret Mead | American Cultural Anthropologist: writer and speaker in 1950s and 60s. Reported attitudes toward sex in S. Pacific and SE Asian cultures. Author of Sex + Temperament in Three Primitive Societies and Coming of Age in Samoa |
| Emily Martin | American anthropologist and feminist: author of The Egg and the Sperm. Focus on science from a feminist perspective-argues scientific literature is gender-biased. Certain things are presented in a sexist way-disadvantage to women |
| E.E. Evans-Pritchard | English anthropologist: instrumental in the development of social anthropology |
| Franz Boas | German-american--pioneer of modern Anthropology |
| Bronislaw Malinowski | Polish anthropologist: structural functionalist sociology. Pioneered ethnographic fieldwork-major contributor to studies of Melanesia. Emphasized participant observation-famous for his studies on reciprocity and Argonauts of the Western Pacific |
| Marcel Mauss | French sociologist--nephew of Emile Durkheim. Magic, sacrifice, and gift exchange in primitive cultures. Great influence for Levi-Strauss, founder of structural anthropology. Author of The Gift |
| Lewis H. Morgan | pioneering American anthropologist and social theorist. Best known for work on kinship and social structure. Ethnography of the Iroquois |
| Emile Durkheim | french sociologist-established sociology-architect of social science-Wrote Division of Labor in Society-social order is maintained based on mechanical v. organic solidarity and the transition of primitive societies to advanced industrial societies |
| Nuer | confederation of tribes located in S. Sudan and W. Ethiopia-form one of the largest ethnic groups in E. Africa. Pastoral people who rely on cattle products--740,000 people |
| Hutu/Tutsi/Twa | ethnic groups in C. Africa: Hutu=largest, Tutsi=2nd largest, Twa=smallest. Hutu contributed to Rwandan genocide |
| Arapesh | people of Papua New Guinea. diverse language with lots of sounds |
| Trobriand Islands | eastern coast of new Guinea. Mostly subsistence horticulturists-live in traditional settlements. Matrilineal clans who control land and resources |
| Second Wave Feminism | women's movement-began in the 60s. addressed de facto inequalities, legal inequalities, sexuality, family, the workplace and reproductive rights |
| Third Wave Feminism | beginning in the 80s to present. Embraces contradictions, conflicts and irrationality. Accommodates diversity and change |
| Sex | biological traits that categorize people as males/females |
| Gender | socially constructed traits that categorize people as male/female |
| Performance Theory | connection between theater and performance. Interaction between readers and texts |
| Ascription | the attribution of something to a cause |
| Berdache | a person (from Native American descent) who assumes the gender identity and is granted the social status of the opposite sex |
| Habitus | socially learned dispositions, skills and ways of acting that are acquired through the activities and experiences of everyday life. Introduced by Marcel Mauss |
| Over-consumption | resource use has outpaced the sustainable capacity of the ecosystem. Leads to inevitable environmental degradation |
| Under-consumption | due to inadequate consumer demand relative to the amount produced |
| Ethnicity | group of people whose members identify with each other through common heritage (language, culture, religion) |
| Race | classification of humans into large and distinct populations/groups by factors such as heritable phenotypical characteristics--correlated w/ appearance, culture, ethnicity and socio-economic status |
| Class | economic/cultural arrangements of groups in society |
| Boasian anti-racism | Boas combatted racism--worked to protect German and Austrian scientists who fled Nazi regime |
| Cultural Racism | Form of racism where specific cultures are targeted |
| Ethno-genesis | process by which a group of human beings comes to be understood or to understand themselves as ethnically distinct from the wider social landscape |
| Boundary Maintenance | the ways in which societies maintain distinctions between themselves and others |
| Moka | system of exchange in Papua New Guinea-relies heavily on pigs for status-vehicle by which Big Men obtain their status |
| Big Man | refers to a highly influential person in the tribe--no formal authority, but maintains recognition through skilled persuasion and wisdom |
| Leviathan | sea monster in the Bible-one of 7 princes of Hell-now synonymous with any large sea monster/creature |
| Segmentary Lineage | society characterized by the organization of the society into segments; often referred to as tribal society |
| Stateless Society | not governed by a state--little concentration of authority--positions that do exists are limited in power |
| Organic Solidarity | arises from the interdependence from specialization of work and complementaries between people (industrialized societies) |
| Mechanical Solidarity | operates in "traditional" and "small-scale" societies (tribal)--based on kinship |
| Panopticon | type of prison designed by Jeremy Bentham in 1785. Allows the observer to see all prisoners w/o the incarcerated being able to tell whether they are being watched- "invisible omniscience" |
| Division of Labor | specialization of labor in specific, circumscribed tasks and roles. Closely associated w/output of trade, rise of capitalism and industrialization |
| Culture of Poverty | social theory explaining poverty cycle-suggests poor remain in poverty b/c of their adaptions to the burdens of poverty |
Created by:
megblauvelt
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