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LS Anth Exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| classification | the process of putting things into classes |
| taxonomy | the study of how best to classify things |
| homology | same ancestor. result of evolution of common descent. physically and usually structural similarities between two species. now defined as ONLY similarities due to descent from a common ancestral species. |
| analogy | same kind of relationship but NO common decent. two species are similar but not because of a common ancestor. convergent evolution (describes the acquisition of the same biological trait in unrelated lineages) |
| cladistics | principles used by modern biologists to classify species according to evolutionary relatedness. |
| clade | all species defended from a given common ancestor |
| ancestral characteristics | one that was there present in the common ancestor of the clade |
| derived charasteristics | one that has arisen by changing the ancestral form |
| cladogram | branches off least similar species. chart with NO TIME INCLUDED. shows nested categories along a single dimension with no infraction of time |
| phylogeneitc tree | has time included. a schematic depiction of evolutionary relationships showing how species diverge along a temporal dimension. adds time and ancestor decent information |
| speciation | how older species develop into newer species |
| paleospecies | species defined from fossil evidence, but only inferred to be productively isolated. |
| geological time scale | the division of earths history into Eras, Periods, and Epochs. |
| era | LARGEST! Hundreds of millions of years |
| periods | 30-40 millions of years. MIDDLE |
| epoch | a few million years. SMALLEST |
| mammal characteristics | larger brains, encephalization (ratio of brain mass to body mass), in utero development of young (usually born already alive), heteroontdentition, endothermy (warm blooded, maintain internal temp), ALL MAMMAL MOTHERS PRODUCE MILK TO FEED THEIR YOUNG. |
| encephalization | ratio of brain mass to body mass |
| in utero development | usually born already alive |
| heterodont dentition | all teeth are different shapes |
| endothermy | warm blooded, maintain body temp, body temp is independent of room temp/outside temp |
| lactation | mothers milk, all mammals produce milk to feed their young |
| monotremes | mammals THAT LAY EGGS. platypus and several enchilada species only |
| marsupials | pouch bearing mammals, offspring is born very underdeveloped and continues to develop in mothers pouch, kangaroos |
| placental mammals | humans, largest and most successful division. placenta: organ connecting fetus to mothers circulatory system |
| adaptive radiation | The rapid expansion and diversification of animal species when they move into newly available ecological niches |
| generalized species | adapted to be able to perform a wide variety of tasks and to change their behavior in response to the environment |
| specialized species | adapted to do only a few things, but to do them very well |
| gradualism equilibrium | is selection and variation that happens more gradually. Over a short period of time it is hard to notice. |
| primates | humans, monkeys, apes, lemurs, lorises, & tarsiers |
| anthropoids | monkeys, humans, apes all primates that ARE NOT lemurs, lorises, or tarsiers. |
| hominoids | apes only, or all primates WITHOUT a tail |
| hominins | humans and human ancestors, all primates closely related to modern humans than chimps or bonobos |
| characteristics of MOST primates | erect posture, flexible limb structure, prehensile hands (able to grasp stuff), five digits on both hands, opposable thumbs, fingernails, tactile pads, omnivore (eating a variety of foods) generalized detention (not all teeth are the same) |
| characteristics of MOST primates 2 | vision dominates over smell, color vision, depth perception, front facing eyes, visual info goes to both sides of the brain, specialized brain structures, general expansion and increased complexity in the brain, increasing learning behaviors |
| characteristics of MOST primates 3 | social groups, active in the daytime |
| arboreal lifestyle | life in trees, locomotion: moving around, microenvironment: the environmental conditions immediately adjacent to the body, may be very different from the culture |
| modes of primate locomotion | -quadrupedal locomotion: moving on 4 feet -vertical clinging & leaping: hanging on vertical trees, then leaping with hind legs -brachiation: arm swinging -knuckle walking: quadrupedal walking, but with weight supported on front knuckles, not palms |
| lemurs & lorises | most distantly related to humans Lorises: around Indian ocean |
| tarsiers | second most distant to humans, found in SE Asia |
| anthropoids | all primates that are not lemurs, lorises, or tarsiers. *MONKEYS, HUMANS, & APES* |
| behavioral ecology | the idea that behaviors through not genetic per se, are influenced by genes and are therefore subject to natural selection |
| social structure | the composition, size, and sex ratio of a group of animals. essentially a demography, how they act and how relationships are formed and played out |
| factors that influence social structure | food and diet, protection from predators, reproduction, in humans "marriage customs" |
| dominance heirarcy | a vertical ranking of individuals from lowest to highest, 2 parallels, 1 for male and 1 for female. |
| communication | the process of taking a state of mind in one individual and transferring that idea to another individual. can be conscious or unconscious. |
| aggressive vs. affiliative displays | mean vs. nice |
| displays of communication | repetitive behaviors that are performed to communicate w others. in humans, "rituals" |
| core area | an area to which a primate group clims SOLE OWNERSHIP, attacking any other primates who enter. does not overlap |
| home range | an area though which the primate group claims the right to move. may overlap with other groups home ranges, but not their core territories. (larger of the 2) |
| empathy | the ability to know what another individual is feeling |
| compassion | the desire that others feel comfortable or content |
| anthropomorphizing | attributing human characteristics to animals |
| coalitions/alliances | friendships, work together |
| altruism | acting for the benefit of another, while at the same time working against ones own interest. |
| reciprocity | altruistic actions will be returned in the future. ex. if you give one food, they will return the favor sometime in the future because you gave them food |
| sexual selection | applies only to ONE sex or another. ex. peacock with tail. they will be more desirable by pea hens therefore be sexually selected by the females. pressure acts on male peacock. males then evolve over time to have bigger and prettier tails. |
| K selection | have few offspring but investing a lot of energy into each one *humans* |
| R selection | having many offspring but investing very little energy in any given individual *fish* |
| infanticide | the killing of an infant. sometimes new dominate males will kill offspring of former dominate males so the female can be ready to reproduce sooner. also new power doesn't want old power's babies being alive and wants to have his own offspring |
| tool use | more effecient, better, easier. primates: potato washing, termite fishing, nutting stone, leaf sponges, rocks to break nuts. |
| language | arbitrary symbols, agreement of meaning, not seen in the wild with the exception of a sound they make when something is present (such as an eagle and all the others in group look up) but cannot talk about it in the past or future. |
| abstract thought | "bird water" symbols from ape they taught in lab, putting two things he/she learned into one thing to describe the duck it saw. NEVER SEEN IN THE WILD. |
| homo floresiensis | species of smaller humans they found in video |
| liang bua 1 | label for the specific species they saw. Liang Bua is the cave name and 1 is for it being the first one they have found |
| dates of species found in video | 38,000-13,000 years ago. |
| microcephaly | small headed disease, the disease they have considered for the small human species they found in the video |
| liang bua 1: species or disease? | they only have 1 skull, 2 jaws, and one arm/leg bone so they cannot make a decision if it is an actual species or a disease of that particular skeleton they found. need more than 1 to make a decision like that. |
Created by:
lscott89
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