In each blank, try to type in the
word that is missing. If you've
typed in the correct word, the
blank will turn green.
If your not sure what answer should be entered, press the space bar and the next missing letter will be displayed. When you are all done, you should look back over all your answers and review the ones in red. These ones in red are the ones which you needed help on. Term: Pyramidal tracts
Definition: -Corticospinal tract and corticobulbar tract
-Straight from to brainstem Term: Extrapyramidal Definition: -Comes from basal ganglia or cerebellum
-Deal with facilitatory, inhibitory, and/or of the motor functions
Term: Corticospinal Definition: -Pyramidal motor tract
-From motor and pre-motor and passes THROUGH the brainstem. Term: Corticobulbar Definition: -Comes from motor and pre-motor cortex and goes to the and fuses with other neurons.
Term: Red Definition: Nucleus in mid brain, that relays info
- Part of the Rubrocerebellar Tract
Term: Anatomy of the Reticular Definition: Diffuse Core of Neurons From Caudal Diencephalon to Spinal Cord
Network of Overlapping and Axons Term: Where does the Reticular Formation input from?Definition: Recieves Input From the:
Motor Ganglia
Cerebellum
Cranial Motor Neurons
Term: of the Reticular Formation Definition: Important for:
1. Arousal
2. Tonal Modulation
3. Pain Processing
4. Muscle Tone Regulation - Maintains Balance of Stimulation
5. of:
-Vomiting
-Coughing
-Cardiovascular Functions
-Respiration
-Speech Functions
Term: Four Columns of the formation
Definition: 1. Precerebellar reticular nuclei
2. Raphe nuclei
3. Lateral group
4. Central Term: Functions of an anencephalic Definition: -Eat
-Swallow
-Suck
-Vomit
-Expel -Breath
-Cry
-Yawn
-Awken
-Sleep Term: Reticular Areas
Definition: -Upper and Lateral Brainstem
-Increases Tone in Extremities
Term: Inhibitory Areas
Definition: -Lower and Medial Region of Medulla
-Decreases Muscle Tone in Term: Results of a of cortex and basal ganglia from reticular formation
Definition: -Would still have reflexes b/c reflex loop is in spinal cord
-Decerebrate Rigidity: Extensor posturing of all because of excessive facilitatory impulses
-If transection Below Vestibular Nucleus it results in Flaccid Paralysis
Term: of the Basal GangliaDefinition: - Caudate Nucleus
- Putamen
- Pallidus
Term: of the Basal GangliaDefinition: Modify cortically initiated movements
e.g. speech
Term: Subthalamic Definition: take and send neurons to and from the Basil Term: Substantia Definition: important for dopamine (neuro transmitter) to the basal ganglia
Term: Results of Basal Ganglia Definition: 1. Involuntary Motor Movements
2. Bradykinesia or Hypokinesia
3. Altered Posture
4. Changes in Muscle Tone
5. Implicate Neurotransmitters
6. All Result in Dysarthria and Dysphagia
7. Parkinson’s Disease
8. Disease
Term: Nucleus
Definition: Term that refers to the Putamen and Pallidus collectively
Term: Neostriatum or Definition: -Term that refers to the Caudate Nucleus and Putamen collectively
-usually effected in parkinson Term: Definition: -Term that refers to the Pallidus
Term: 3 Major neuro-transmitters in the GangliaDefinition: 1. Dopamine
2. Acetylcholine
3. -Aminobutyric Acid
Term: Definition: -An inhibitory Neurotransmitter
-Produced in the nigra and secreted in the striatum
Term: Definition: -Facilitatory/Inhibitory
Term: Gamma-Aminobutyric Definition: -GABA Regulates Structures
e.g. thalamus
Term: Definition: -Involuntary slow writhing (twisting) movement of limbs
-Varying of hypertonia (excessive tone)
-Usually seen in lesions of the globus pallidus
Term: Definition: -Violent Forceful Flinging of Arms and Legs
-Unilateral (hemiballism)
-Most violent form of dyskinesia (movement disorder)
-Usually with lesions in the sub-thalamic nucleus
-Can be seen in Huntington's patients
Term: Definition: -Series of rhythmic involuntary movements
-Predominantly in the distal extremities and muscles of the face, tongue, and pharynx
-Patients with this dsorder will always have dysarthria and -Almost always seen in Huntington’s patients
Term: Sydenham’s Definition: - around 5-13 years of age)
- Secondary to streptococcal infection
- Not very common
Term: Definition: -Generalized Disorder of Involuntary and Voluntary -Masked Face (person show little to no facial expressions), Infrequent Blinking, Slow Movement, Disturbed Equilibrium, Stooped Posture, Impaired Speech, Impaired Swallowing
Term: Definition: -Alternating Movement of Opposing Muscles
-Resting tremors in basal ganglia disorders
-As opposed to Intentional Tremor in disorders
Term: Bradykinesia Definition: -Slow beginning or to initiate a movement
Term: Definition: Slow beginning or inability to a movement Term: Sign of Disease Definition: -Tremor at Rest
-Cogwheel Rigidity
-Bradykinesia
-Akinesia
-Shuffling Gate
-Expressionless Face
-Flexed Posture
Hyperkenetic Dysarthria
-30% have Cognitive Involvement (dementia or cognitive decline)
Term: Dysarthria Definition: slow with lots of tremmor Term: Who is Parkinson's named after?Definition: - described in 1817 by James Parkinson Term: Causes of Parkinson's Definition: Caused by Lack of Dopamine (An inhibitor for )
Term: Medications to to treat Parkinson's DiseaseDefinition: -L-Dopa or Other Dopamine Enhancers
-Prolonged L-Dopa Tx can result in dyskinesia
Term: dyskinesia Definition: -Increased facial and lingual movements
-Can be a result of too much L-Dopa treatments (Dopamine treatments)
-Secondary to Chlorpromazine and Haloperidol (psychiatric )
Term: Huntington’s Definition: -1872, George Huntington
-Heredity, Adult Onset, Cognitive Loss
-Autosomal Dominant
-5 in 100,000 prevalence
-Found in more isolated areas
-Equal in Men and Women
-Due to loss of Cholinergic and GABAergic neurons in Caudate |
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