Neurology Chapter 13 Word Scramble
T L X A A R P S T M D R E A Y A C T I R
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| Term | Definition |
| Extrapyramidal tracts | -Comes from basal ganglia or cerebellum -Deal with facilitatory, inhibitory, and/or regulation of the motor functions |
| Components of the Basal Ganglia | - Caudate Nucleus - Putamen - Globus Pallidus |
| Tardive dyskinesia | -Increased facial and lingual movements -Can be a result of too much L-Dopa treatments (Dopamine treatments) -Secondary to Chlorpromazine and Haloperidol (psychiatric drugs) |
| Sydenham’s Chorea | - Occurs around 5-13 years of age) - Secondary to streptococcal infection - Not very common |
| Pyramidal motor tracts | -Corticospinal tract and corticobulbar tract -Straight from Cortex to brainstem |
| Substantia Nigra | important for sending dopamine (neuro transmitter) to the basal ganglia |
| 3 Major neuro-transmitters in the Basil Ganglia | 1. Dopamine 2. Acetylcholine 3. Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid |
| Causes of Parkinson's Disease | Caused by Lack of Dopamine (An inhibitor for function) |
| Dopamine | -An inhibitory Neurotransmitter -Produced in the substantia nigra and secreted in the striatum |
| Functions of an anencephalic child | -Eat -Swallow -Suck -Vomit -Expel food -Breath -Cry -Yawn -Awken -Sleep |
| Hyperkenetic Dysarthria | slow movement with lots of tremmor |
| Bradykinesia | -Slow beginning or inability to initiate a movement |
| Ballism | -Violent Forceful Flinging of Arms and Legs -Unilateral (hemiballism) -Most violent form of dyskinesia (movement disorder) -Usually associated with lesions in the sub-thalamic nucleus -Can be seen in Huntington's patients |
| Where does the Reticular Formation receive input from? | Recieves Input From the: Motor Cortex Basal Ganglia Cerebellum Cranial Motor Neurons |
| Sign of Parkinson’s Disease | -Tremor at Rest -Cogwheel Muscular Rigidity -Bradykinesia -Akinesia -Shuffling Gate -Expressionless Face -Flexed Posture Hyperkenetic Dysarthria -30% have Cognitive Involvement (dementia or cognitive decline) |
| Subthalamic Nucleus | take and send neurons to and from the Basil Ganglia |
| Chorea | -Series of rhythmic involuntary movements -Predominantly in the distal extremities and muscles of the face, tongue, and pharynx -Patients with this dsorder will always have dysarthria and dysphagia -Almost always seen in Huntington’s patients |
| Results of Basal Ganglia Impairment | 1. Involuntary Motor Movements 2. Bradykinesia or Hypokinesia 3. Altered Posture 4. Changes in Muscle Tone 5. Implicate Neurotransmitters 6. All Result in Dysarthria and Dysphagia 7. Parkinson’s Disease 8. Huntington’s Disease |
| Anatomy of the Reticular Formation | Diffuse Core of Neurons From Caudal Diencephalon to Spinal Cord Network of Overlapping Dendrites and Axons |
| Tremors | -Alternating Movement of Opposing Muscles -Resting tremors in basal ganglia disorders -As opposed to Intentional Tremor in cerebellar disorders |
| Dyskinesia | -Generalized Disorder of Involuntary and Voluntary Movement -Masked Face (person show little to no facial expressions), Infrequent Blinking, Slow Movement, Disturbed Equilibrium, Stooped Posture, Impaired Speech, Impaired Swallowing |
| Medications to given to treat Parkinson's Disease | -L-Dopa or Other Dopamine Enhancers -Prolonged L-Dopa Tx can result in tardive dyskinesia |
| Athetosis | -Involuntary slow writhing (twisting) movement of limbs -Varying degrees of hypertonia (excessive tone) -Usually seen in lesions of the globus pallidus |
| Akinesia | Slow beginning or inability to initiate a movement |
| Huntington’s Chorea | -1872, George Huntington -Heredity, Adult Onset, Cognitive Loss -Autosomal Dominant -5 in 100,000 prevalence -Found in more isolated areas -Equal in Men and Women -Due to loss of Cholinergic and GABAergic neurons in Caudate Nucleus |
| Results of a disconnection of cortex and basal ganglia from reticular formation | -Would still have reflexes b/c reflex loop is in spinal cord -Decerebrate Rigidity: Extensor posturing of all Limbs because of excessive facilitatory impulses -If transection Below Vestibular Nucleus it results in Flaccid Paralysis |
| Red Nucleus | Nucleus in mid brain, that relays info - Part of the extrapyramidial Rubrocerebellar Tract |
| Lenticular Nucleus | Term that refers to the Putamen and Globus Pallidus collectively |
| Function of the Reticular Formation | Important for: 1. Arousal 2. Tonal Modulation 3. Pain Processing 4. Muscle Tone Regulation - Maintains Balance of Stimulation 5. Regulation of: -Vomiting -Coughing -Cardiovascular Functions -Respiration -Speech Functions |
| Four Columns of the reticular formation | 1. Precerebellar reticular nuclei 2. Raphe nuclei 3. Lateral group 4. Central group |
| Inhibitory Reticular Areas | -Lower and Medial Region of Medulla -Decreases Muscle Tone in Extremities |
| Who is Parkinson's Disease named after? | - first described in 1817 by James Parkinson |
| Facilitatory Reticular Areas | -Upper and Lateral Brainstem -Increases Muscle Tone in Extremities |
| Pallidum | -Term that refers to the Globus Pallidus |
| Acetylcholine | -Facilitatory/Inhibitory Neurotransmitter |
| Functions of the Basal Ganglia | Modify cortically initiated motor movements e.g. speech |
| Corticospinal tract | -Pyramidal motor tract -From motor and pre-motor cortex and passes THROUGH the brainstem. |
| Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid | -GABA Regulates Adjacent Structures e.g. thalamus |
| Neostriatum or Striatum | -Term that refers to the Caudate Nucleus and Putamen collectively -usually effected in parkinson disease |
| Corticobulbar tract | -Comes from motor and pre-motor cortex and goes to the brainstem and fuses with other neurons. |
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