In each blank, try to type in the
word that is missing. If you've
typed in the correct word, the
blank will turn green.
If your not sure what answer should be entered, press the space bar and the next missing letter will be displayed. When you are all done, you should look back over all your answers and review the ones in red. These ones in red are the ones which you needed help on. Term: SocietyDefinition: Most successful and prestigious society in , created in 1660. Term: Definition: Emergence of a secular world view for the first time in human history.
Natural and reason could explain all aspects of life
Belief in autonomy of man's intellect apart from God
Faith in reason, rather than faith in revelation
Deism Term: Deism Definition: Religious arm of the Enlightenment
The universal was governed by "natural law", not by a personal Term: John Locke, Two Treaties of GovernmentDefinition: 1690,
State of nature: are basically good but lack protection
The purpose of the government is to protect "natural rights" of the people: life, liberty and property Term: Essay Concerning UnderstandingDefinition: 1690
Stressed the importance of the environment on human development: Education was the key
Tabula Rasa
For progress to occur in society, education was critical in determining development. Term: Tabula Definition: The human mind was born as a slate and registered input from the senses passively Term: Definition: Committed to the fundamental reform of society
By 1775, much of Europe's society educated elite had embraced the Enlightenment Term: VoltaireDefinition: Perhaps the most influential of all Enlightenment philosophers
Challenged Catholic theology
His influential social criticism inspired many to call for change, setting the stage for the French Revolution Term: L'infame"Definition: Crush the King Term: Baron de Montesquieu, of Laws Definition: (1689-1755)
Member of the French nobility; hated the
absolutism of Louis XIV.
Book(1748): called for separation
of powers in government into three branches
Goal: tyranny and promote liberty Term: and BalancesDefinition: This would that no single branch of gov’t became too powerful as the other two branches could check excess power. Term: Jean-Jacques Definition: (1712-1778)
Social Contract
Though considered part of the Enlightenment, more accurately seen as a founder of the Romantic Movement.
Believed man in a simpler state of nature was good a noble savage"and was corrupted by the materialism of . Term: Contract, 1762Definition: Believed that too much of an on
property, and not enough consideration of
people, was a root cause of social injustice.
General Will Term: General Definition: a consensus of the majority,should control a nation. This strongly implied democracy.
Downside: Minority viewpoints were not . Term: "Noble Definition: State of nature
Was corrupted by the materialism of . Term: Diderot, The EncyclopediaDefinition: Perhaps the greatest and most representative work of the was (completed in 1765) Term: de BeccariaDefinition: On Crimes and Punishment (1764)
Sought to criminal law based on Enlightenment concepts of reason and equality before the law
His views influenced the Enlightened Despots: Term: Francois Definition: (1694-1774)
Leader of the physiocrats in France who opposed mercantilist policies
Sought to reform the existing agrarian by instituting laissez faire in agriculture Term: Definition: They mercantilist policies Term: Adam , Wealth of NationsDefinition: 1727-1790
Considered the of capitalism.
Refined and expanded laissez-faire philosophy of the physiocrats.
Believed the economy is governed by the natural laws of supply and demand. Term: Salon Definition: Women played a major role in this.
Many of the brightest minds of the Enlightenment assembled in _____ to discuss the major issues of the day
Certain women organized ____ and took part in
the discussions Term: Mary Definition: (1759-1797)
promoted & educational equality for women Term: Paul d'HolbachDefinition: (1723-89) System of Nature
Argued humans were essentially like machines, determined by outside forces (determinism).
His staunch atheism, determinism and attacks on
Christianity undermined the Enlightenment Term: HumeDefinition: Argued faith in both natural law and faith
Claimed that human ideas were merely the result of sensory experiences; human reason could not go beyond what was experienced through the senses.
Undermined Enlightenment’s emphasis on reason. Term: Jean de Definition: (1743-1794) Progress of the Human Mind
His utopian ideas also undermined the legitimacy
of Enlightenment ideas.
Identified 9 stages of human progress that had already occurred and predicted the 10th would bring perfection. Term: KantDefinition: (1724-1804) – greatest German philosopher of the Enlightenment
Separated and morality into separate
branches of knowledge.
Science could describe nature, it could not provide a guide for morality Term: Classical Definition: The political outgrowth of the Enlightenment
Belief in faire capitalism
Belief in progress human dignity and human happiness
Religious toleration, freedom of speech & the press,
just punishments for crimes, and equal treatment
before the law Term: pietismDefinition: Argued need for spiritual conversion and experience Term: MethodismDefinition: Taught need for spiritual regeneration and a moral life that would demonstrate having
been “born-again”. Term: John Definition: (1703-91): Founder of Term: JansenismDefinition: (Catholic sect) in France argued against
idea of an uninvolved or God Term: Enlightened Definition: The philosophes inspired and supported the reforms of
the _______.
Believed absolute rulers should promote the good of
the people
Yet believed, like Hobbes earlier, that people were
not capable of ruling themselves Term: the GreatDefinition: One of the greatest rulers in German history
Son of Fredrick William I who gave him a strong
military education
Profoundly influenced by the Term: War of SuccessionDefinition: (1740-1748)
Frederick and annexed Silesia, part of the Austrian Hapsburg empire
Frederick violated Austria’s Pragmatic Sanction Term: Definition: Was and annexed by Frederick
part of the Austrian Hapsburg empire Term: Seven ' WarDefinition: Cause: Maria Teresa sought to regain Silesia from Prussia and Russia and France as allies.
Goal of Austria, Russia and France was to conquer Prussia and divide its territories among the winners Term: Diplomatic of 1756Definition: France and Austria, traditional enemies, now allied against Prussia
Bloodiest war in since the Thirty Years’ War of the 17th century. Term: of ParisDefinition: (1763)
Most important peace treaty of the 18th century and most important since the Treaty of Westphalia (1648)
Prussia permanently retained Silesia
France lost all its colonies in America to Great Britain
Britain gained more territory in India Term: "First servant of the Definition: the Great claimed himself to be. Term: Catherine the Definition: (r. 1762-1796)
One of rulers in European history
As a reformer, perhaps the least “enlightened” of the Enlightened Despots
German princess who became Queen after her husband, Peter III, was assassinated during the Seven Years’ War Term: Pugachev Definition: (1773)Pugachev led a huge serf uprising.
Demanded end to serfdom, taxes and army service.
People were murdered all over southwestern Russia.
Catherine needed support of nobility and gave them absolute of serfs. Term: PartitionsDefinition: As a result of several Eastern European military conflicts, the map of Europe had to be withdrawn, three times to be . This reorganization of territory was at the expense of a nation which was ultimately erased from the map of Europe. Term: veto Definition: Required unanimous agreement for the to act. Term: Maria Definition: (r. 1740-1780) (not an despot)
Assumed the Habsburg empire from her father,
Charles VII. Term: Pragmatic Sanction of Definition: Issued by Leopold and agreed to by the Great Powers
that the Habsburg Empire remain intact
under his daughter’s rule Term: IIDefinition: (r. 1780-1790)
Ruled with his mother, Maria , as co regent
until her death in 1780
Deeply influenced by the Enlightenment and its emphasis on reforms
Firm believer in absolutism and he could be
ruthless in achieving his goals Term: Madame de Definition: One of the leading figures in the French Enlightenment. From 1750–1777,
Played host to many of the most influential Philosophes and Encyclopédistes of her time Term: Madame de Definition: A French woman of letters of Swiss origin whose lifetime overlapped with the of the French Revolution and the Napoleonic era. Term: John , chronometer
Definition: Improvements in exploration (e.g. John Harrison’s chronometer gave mariners the ability to easily determine longitude by the late- 18th ) |
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