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Question: is for the reduction of urine productionAnswer: hormone Question: is released in response to decreased blood flow or decreased renal pressure and is sensed by receptors in the Answer: renin Question: is produced by the adrenal cortex in response to stimulation by angiotensin II causing the tubules to excrete K+ while retaining Na2+, adding to the reabsorption of water back into the vascular Answer: Question: body loses both water and from the EFCAnswer: hypovolemia Question: water is lost from the body, but there is no loss of Answer: Question: what are 3 risk for dehydration?Answer: hyperventilation, diabetic ketoacidosis, and enteral feeding without sufficient intake Question: what are 6 risk for hypovolemia?Answer: GI losses, skin losses, renal losses. third spacing (burns, ascites, obstruction), , and altered intake Question: hgb and hct are ____ during hypovolemiaAnswer: Question: hgb and hct are ____ during dehydrationAnswer: Question: serum osmolarity, sp. gravity, serum sodium are all ___ dehydrationAnswer: Question: common vital signs for hypovolemia and are:Answer: hyperthermia, tachycardia, thready pulse, hypotension, orthostatic hypotension, < central venous Question: occurs when both and sodium are retained in abnormally high proportionsAnswer: Question: when more water is gained than electrolytesAnswer: overhydration Question: risk for overhydrationAnswer: water replacement without electrolyte replacement such as strenuous exercise with profuse Question: risk for hypervolemiaAnswer: chronic stimulus to the kidney (heart failure, cirrhosis, glucocorticosteriods), abn renal function, fluid shifts (burns, hypertonic fluids), age-related , excessive sodium intake Question: hgb and hct are ___ with Answer: LOW Question: serum osmolarity and serum sodium are ___ with Answer: LOW Question: electrolytes, BUN, and creatinine are ___ with Answer: HIGH Question: what are signs for overhydration and hypervolemia?Answer: , bounding pulse, HTN, tachypnea, > central venous pressure Question: what position is best for pt with or hypervolemia?Answer: semi-fowler's Question: pt with edema should be in what position?Answer: 's Question: a pt with shock should be placed in what position?Answer: on back with legs Question: major electrolyte found in Answer: Question: essential for the maintance of acid-base balance, active and passive transport mechanisms, and maintaining irritability and of nerve and muscle tissueAnswer: sodium Question: normal sodium Answer: 135-145 Question: is the cation in ICFAnswer: Question: plays vital role in cell metabolism, of nerve impulses, functioning cardiac, lung, and muscle tissues, and acid-base balanceAnswer: Question: ___ has reciprocal with sodiumAnswer: Question: normal potassium Answer: 3.5-5 Question: normal valuesAnswer: 8.5-10.5 Question: normal valuesAnswer: 1.3-2.1 Question: is a gain of water or the loss of sodium-rich Answer: Question: and slows the depolarization of membranesAnswer: Question: moves from ECF into the ICFAnswer: Question: risk factors for Answer: abn GI losses, renal losses, skin losses, > or ECF volume, edematous state (heart failure, cirrhosis), excessive hypotonic IV, age-related factors Question: signs of hyponatremiaAnswer: , tachycardia, thready pulse, hypotension, orthostatic hypotension Question: is a serious electrolyte inbalance and can cause significant neurological, endocrine, and cardiac Answer: Question: are dehydrated with ___Answer: Question: risk factors for Answer: water deprivation, Na intake, excessive Na retention, fluid losses, age-related changes Question: signs of hypernatremiaAnswer: , tachycardia, orthostatic hypotension Question: is the result of increased loss of K from the body ot of K into the cellsAnswer: hypokalemia Question: risk factors for Answer: < K thru GI losses, renal losses, skin losses, <intake, ICF shift, age-related Question: with hypokalemia the body is in a ____ stateAnswer: state Question: vital for hypokalemiaAnswer: , weak irregular pulse, hypotension, resp distress Question: NEVER PUSH ____ IVAnswer: Question: phlebitisAnswer: irritant Question: is the of > intake of K, movement of K out of the cells, or inadequate renal excretionAnswer: hyperkalemia Question: risk for hyperkalemiaAnswer: ECF shift (< insulin, acidosis, fever, surgery, sepsis), < excretion (renal failure, dehydration, NSAIDS), age-related Question: with hyperkalemia the body is in a ____ stateAnswer: Question: vital for hyperkalemiaAnswer: slow, pulse, hypotension Question: with potassiumAnswer: avocado, broccoli, dairy, dried , cantaloupe, bananas Question: risk factors for Answer: malaborption (chrons ), end-stage renal disease, post thyroidectomy Question: + chvostek's sign and + 's signAnswer: hypocalcemia and Question: vital signs for Answer: < rate, hypotension, dysrhythemia Question: what food has high calcium and ?Answer: dairy and dark green Question: risk for hypomagnesmiaAnswer: malnutrition, alcohol Question: greater concentration of H+ ions the more ____ the body fluids are with a ___ pHAnswer: , LOW Question: lesser concentration of H+ ions the more ____ the body fluids are with a ___ pHAnswer: , HIGHER Question: occurs when the body attempts to correct changes and imbalances in pH Answer: compensation Question: occurs when pH returns to Answer: full Question: pH is not able to Answer: partial Question: risk factors for acidosisAnswer: resp. depression, inadequate chest expansion, airway obstruction, alveolar-capillary blockage, inadequate ventilation Question: risk factors for alkalosisAnswer: hyperventilation and Question: risk for metabolic acidosisAnswer: excess production of H+ (DKA, stravation, heavy exercise, seizures, fever, hypoxia), inadequate elimination of H+ions (renal failure), production of bicarb (renal failure, pancreatitis, liver failure, dehyration), and excess elim of bicarb Question: risk for metabolic alkalosisAnswer: base excess, acid def (loss of GI from vomiting or suction and K+ depletion due to diuetics, laxatives, cushings syndrome) Question: vital signs and cardiovascular for resp Answer: and tachypnea, dysrthmias Question: vital signs and cardiovascular for resp Answer: , palpitations, chest pain, dysrhytmias Question: vital signs and for metabolic acidosisAnswer: bradycardia, tachypnea, , dysrhymias Question: vital signs and cardiovascular for alkalosisAnswer: , hypotension,dysrhytmias Question: what are common s/s for resp alkalosisAnswer: and convulsions Question: what are common neurological s/s for alkalosisAnswer: and muscle weakness Question: impaired gas exchange or breathing patternAnswer: respiratory /alkalosis Question: decreased cardiac OP related to Answer: acidosis/alkalosis Question: what is a med that puts older adults at risk for ?Answer: (prinivil) Question: normal ionized Ca Answer: 4.5-5.5 Question: normal bicarb (HCO3-) Answer: 22-26 Question: CO2 valuesAnswer: 35-45 Question: normal base (blood ) that existsAnswer: + or - Question: normal range for Answer: 80-100 Question: normal O2 Answer: 95-100% Question: Chloride valuesAnswer: 95-105 Question: normal Magnesium Answer: 1.5-2.5 Question: Phosphate (PO43-)Answer: 2.8-4.5 Question: normal osmolality valuesAnswer: 275-295 Question: movement of solvent across semipermeable membrane from an area of concentration to an area of HIGHER concentrationAnswer: Question: membrane allows solvent in, but not the solute so there is a shiftAnswer: osmosis Question: movement of solute in a solution across semipermeable membrane from an area of HIGHER concentration to an area of concentrationAnswer: Question: during diffusion, what the movement?Answer: size, concentration, and temp of Question: process by which and diffusible substances move together across a membrane in repsonse to fluid pressure, and area of HIGHER pressure to an area of LOWER pressureAnswer: filtration Question: of filtration?Answer: edema Question: requires metabolic activity and expenditure of to move substances across cell membranesAnswer: active Question: adult fluid intakeAnswer: 2200-2700 mL Question: where is the antidiuretic hormone ?Answer: posterior gland Question: when is the hormone released?Answer: response to changes in osmolarity Question: makes renal and collecting ducts more permeable to H2OAnswer: antidiuretic Question: what initiates the -sngiotensin-aldosterone mechanism?Answer: perfusion Question: enzyme that responds to decrease renal perfusion secondary to decrease ECF volumeAnswer: renin Question: what produces I?Answer: renin Question: what when angiotension I turns into angiotension II?Answer: vasoconstriction of vessels and relocates and increases blood flow to kidneys to improve perfusion Question: what aldosterone and why?Answer: adrenal cortex in to increase plasma K+ levels ot when helping counteract hypovolema Question: helps vascular tone?Answer: atrial natriuretic Question: where and why is atrial peptide secreted?Answer: from atrial cells of heart in response to atrial stretching and an in circulating blood vloume Question: average adult fluid loss Answer: 2200-2700 Question: are most fluids lost?Answer: kidneys (then , skin, GI) Question: essential for enzyme activities, activites, and cardiac and skeletal musclesAnswer: magnesium Question: where is 50-60% of Mg ?Answer: Question: nescessary for glycogen deposits in liver and muscles, transmission and conduction of impulsesAnswer: potassium Question: substance or group of substances that can absorb or release H+ to correct acid-base Answer: Question: by lungsAnswer: Question: regulated by Answer: HCO3 Question: normal pH Answer: 7.35-7.45 Question: what are the 3 acid-base ?Answer: chemical, biological, and physiological Question: largest chemical in ECFAnswer: carbonic acid and buffer system Question: when CO2 ___ increasesAnswer: H+ Question: when H+ ions increase ____ increaseesAnswer: Question: what are 2 regulators?Answer: lungs and Question: pH is ____ during hyperventalationAnswer: < Question: pH is ____ during hypoventalationAnswer: > Question: when bicarb is < 22 _____Answer: acidosis Question: when bicard is > 26 _____Answer: alkalosis Question: metabolic ALKALOSIS takes place when pH _____, PaCO2 ______, PaO2 ______, O2 sats _______, HCO3- ____,ionized Ca _____, and K+ _____Answer: pH- >7.45-----------PaCO2- norm or >45---------PaO2-norm----------O2 sats-norm------------HCO3---->26-------ionized Ca+----<4.5------------K+- <3.5 Question: metabolic ACIDOSIS takes place when pH _____, PaCO2 _____, PaO2 _____, O2 sats _____, HCO3 _____, K+ ______Answer: pH- <7.35--------PaCO2- norm or <35------PaO2- norm--------O2 sats- norm-----HCO3- <22------K+- >5 Question: respiratory ALKALOSIS takes place when pH _____, PaCo2 ____, PaO2 ____, O2 sats ____, HCO3- _____, ionized Ca+ ______, K+ _____Answer: pH- >7.45------PaCO2- <35-----PaO2-norm-----O2 sats- norm------HCO3- <22----ion Ca+- <4.5-----K+- <3.5 Question: respiratory ACIDOSIS takes place when pH _____, PaCO2 _____, PaO2 ____, O2 sats ____, HCO3- ____, K+ _____Answer: pH- <7.35------PaCO2- >45--------O2 PaO2- norm or <80----sats- norm or <95%-------HCO3- norm or >26-----K+- >5.0 Question: holds in ___Answer: Na (sodium) Question: polydipsiaAnswer: excessive (ex:DM) Question: that prevents from going to BRAnswer: antidiuretic Question: diabetes Answer: go, go, go prob with hormone Question: disorder that in too much fluid b/c if inappropriate amount of antidiruetic hormoneAnswer: SIADH (syndrome of ADH) |
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