In each blank, try to type in the
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If your not sure what answer should be entered, press the space bar and the next missing letter will be displayed. When you are all done, you should look back over all your answers and review the ones in red. These ones in red are the ones which you needed help on. Question: What up the CNS?Answer: 1. Brain = Encephalon 2. Cord Question: What up the PNS?Answer: 12 Cranial Nerve Pairs, 32 Nerve Pairs, Ganglia Question: What are the somatic components of the system?Answer: the part of the NS that innervates skeletal muscles, includes CNS and Question: What is a for the somatic component of the NS?Answer: component Question: In the somatic component are efferent and afferent nerve fibers?Answer: Yes, but the or motor oriented fibers receive the most emphasis Question: What is the released by the somatic axon endings of the somatic component of the NS?Answer: Acetylcholine Question: What does the Autonomic (Visceral) of the NS innervate?Answer: epithelium, smooth and cardiac musculature Question: What is a word associated with the ANS?Answer: Question: What are the two division of the nerve fibers of the ANS?Answer: 1. Parasympathetic 2. Question: Nerve FibersAnswer: The preganglionic neuron is long and the postganglionic is short. Located both in CNS and PNS. Release of ACH. Question: Sympathetic Nerve Answer: Fight or Flight component. The neuron is short and the postganglionic neuron is long. Question: Which nerve fibers, parasympathetic or have a more widespread effect?Answer: The because of the ratio of preganglionic to postganglionic neurons. Sympathetic = 1:17 Parasympathetic = 1:2 Question: Which nerve fibers have a more precise ?Answer: Question: : 4th week of development: What arises from the spinal cord? Answer: 3 brain vesicles Question: Embryology: what arises from the 3 vesicles?Answer: 1. Prosencephalon (forebrain) 2. (midbrain) 3. Rhombencephalon (hindbrain) Question: : What arises from the Prosencephalon?Answer: 1. 2. Diencephalon Question: Embryology: what from the telencephalon?Answer: 1. Cerebral 2. Basal Ganglia 3. Lateral Ventricle Question: Embryology: what arises from the ?Answer: 1. Thalamus 2. Hypothalamus 3. Pineal Gland 4. 3rd Question: Embryology: what from the Mesencephalon?Answer: (5th week) Question: : what arises from the mesencephalon (5th week)Answer: 1. Corpora Quadrigemina 2. Cerebral Peduncle 3. Aqueduct of Question: Embryology: what arises from the ?Answer: 1. Metencephalon 2. Question: Embryology: what arises from the ?Answer: 1. Cerebellum 2. Pons 3. 4th Question: Embryology: what arises from the ?Answer: 1. Medualla Oblongata 2. 4th Question: Check out figure 2 and 3 on page Answer: Neural plate, neural groove, , neural fold, flexures in development Question: Does the weight of the change as we grow?Answer: Yes. At : 10% of body weight (300-400g) In adulthood: 2-2.5% of body weight (1100-1400g) Question: What are neural tube ?Answer: They give rise to CNS structures. The cells do not divide but they mature. 1. Gliobalsts 2. 3. Oligodendrocytes 4. Ependymal cells 5. Microglia 6. Neuroblasts Question: Glioblast Answer: Still fairly undifferentiated cells...they like to divide! ! divide! They give rise to the astrocytes and the oligodendrocytes. Question: What is the connective tissue of the CNS?Answer: The Question: Are there more glioblast derivatives or neurons in the ?Answer: Glioblast derivative... 10 more Question: Astrocytes ( stellate )Answer: Most common cell in the NS. Most mobility potential. Stop around age 5 or 6. Question: 2 of astrocytesAnswer: 1. Protoplasmic (gray mater) 2. Fibrillar Astrocytes (white mater) Question: Function of Answer: 1. Connective tissue-like function 2. Part of the BBB 3. Store (very little) glucose in the CNS 4. Forms a scar like tissue after injury to CNS 5. Are affected by and maybe even ions (K) Question: Oligodendrocytes: 2 Answer: 1. Perineuronal Satelites (gray mater) 2. interfascicular (white ) Question: Function of OligodendrocytesAnswer: Inerfascicular: form myelin sheaths around the CNS neurons 2. Perineural : unclear... may serve as a type of nutrient role Question: cellsAnswer: They line the central canal and ventricles of the CNS. They as the leaky barrier between the CSF and CNS parenchyma. Question: What is the classification of ependymal ?Answer: cuboidal Question: Are present?Answer: No.. we start loosing our cilia at the time of Question: What is a ?Answer: General term used to classify solid tumors derived from , astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Question: What is an ?Answer: Most common of the brain tissue Question: Answer: in numbers, phagocytic function, mediate immune responses Question: NeuroblastAnswer: Neuroepithelial origins (along the neural tube). Little mitotic activity but undergo growth and . Depend of glial cells to help guide them as the migrate and spread through the CNS. Question: How does alcohol or radiation affect the fetal cells?Answer: This may cause them to under or over their target sites. Question: Neuron Answer: 1. Anatomical 2. Question: Anatomical neuron Answer: Unipolar, bipolar, Question: Physiological neuron Answer: Sensory, , internucial Question: NeuronAnswer: One cell body and one Question: Bipolar Answer: One cell body and two Question: Multipolar Answer: One cell body, multiple Question: NeuronsAnswer: Neurons which impulses from the periphery to the cord or brain. 1: Visceral 2. Somatic Question: NeuronsAnswer: Neurons which carries impulses away from the center toward the major peripheral target . 1: Visceral 2. Somatic Question: Internuncial Answer: All the neurons that are within the CNS structures. Messengers or connectors between incoming sensory and outgoing motor neurons. Question: Internuncial Neurons: Answer: Runs between equivalent on opposite sides of the CNS Question: Neurons: ProjectionsAnswer: Begins in one structure and terminates in a structure of the CNS (ipsilateral vs contralateral) Question: Internuncial Neurons: Intra Answer: Starts in the spinal cord and ends at the same cord Question: Internuncial Neurons: Inter Answer: Neuron that starts at one cord level and terminates at another cord Question: Internuncial Neurons : on page 16Answer: Look at it. day! Question: Nerve cell : Answer: See 6 on page 17 Question: of a neuron's parikaryonAnswer: 4 - 130 Question: What does a perikarya take?Answer: 1. Steeple 2. Star like 3. Oval 4. Question: How long can a be?Answer: a few microns to 40 Question: How many cells in a ?Answer: Trick question: a is a single cell Question: What are the typical and structures present in the neuron?Answer: Cell membrane, nucleus, nucleolus (RNA), Mitochondria (they are long and skinny, unlike myo cells), golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum and , centrosome, Barr body Question: Where are most abundant?Answer: In the dendrites and the cell Question: Nerve structure: NeuronAnswer: The anatomical and functional unit of the nervous Question: Nerve Fiber structure: Neuron Answer: An of the neuron away from its cell body. Question: Fiber structure: DendriteAnswer: A neuron process conducting an towards the cell body. Question: Nerve Fiber structure: Answer: A single neuron process carrying the away from the cell body towards a synaptic or neuromuscular junction Question: Fiber structure: HillockAnswer: The gradual boundary between the cell body and its process. In the CNS the axon is the sight of most action potentials. Question: Nerve structure: Nerve FiberAnswer: A predominately long , if present, of a neuron Question: CoveringAnswer: Composed of a phospholipid-cholesterol and (protein) accumulations. Myelin is made by a surrounding cell (not by the neuron) Question: Can be found in both CNS and PNS fibers?Answer: Question: of myelinAnswer: nerve impulse conduction speeds without taking up much space. Question: Does myelin form on fibers smaller than 1 micron in diameter in the PSN?Answer: Question: True or : The thick the myelin covering, the slower the nerve impulse will be carried?Answer: False, the thicker the , the quick the transmission of the nerve impulse. Question: Answer: The name given to surrounding Schwann cell . Every PSN structure has this covering... does not mean that it is myelinated. Question: Example of an PNS nerve fiberAnswer: Post sympathetic neuron Question: of Ranvier Answer: Where one Schwann covering cell meets another there is a very tiny exposed area a node of Ranvier Question: Answer: The area where the cell covers Question: True or False: Nerve fibers of the PNS can be myelinated while other are not but they all have a .Answer: True Question: Answer: Delicate, highly vascular, fibrous cellular matrix is around each neurilemma. It continues even out the finest telodendric branches. Question: PerineuriumAnswer: The coat that wraps arpund groups of fibers. Most elastic of the mesodermal covers and it is continuous with the pia and the arachnoid as it approaches CNS structures. Question: EpineuriumAnswer: Highly collagenous outer coat of a . Inelastic and adds protection, streght and support to the fasciculi within. Continuous with the dura mater. Question: Myelin will be covering what structures in the CNS?Answer: Axons that are usually greater than 1 in diameter. Question: Is the myelin associated with a cell?Answer: No! It is an oligodendrocyte. Question: Are unmyelinated CNS fiber?Answer: Yes, some are so small the have no Question: Are of Ranvier present in the CNS?Answer: Yes, but you must substitute the oligodendrocyte in the place of cells. Question: matterAnswer: Axons together in the CNS Question: CommissuresAnswer: Midline white matter connectors the CNS Question: Answer: A stalk or pillar-like formation of CNS matter. Question: Page 24 to Answer: Read it! will be a question on the exam! Question: Synonym for Dura Answer: Pachymeninx, Hard Mother, Mother Question: Is the dura part of the nervous system?Answer: No, but it is an accessory structure. Question: What are the two divisions of the dura ?Answer: 1. dura 2. Visceral dura Question: DuraAnswer: Outer highly vascular layer which servesas a to the cranial bones. It is fused to the cranial bones. Question: Visceral Answer: Inner more fibrous that is separate only where a falx or venous sinus is present. Question: Where are the and Visceral Dura located?Answer: In the vault Question: What type of Dura Mater do you find the vertebral Canal?Answer: More collagenous than its counterpart. Question: How is the dura to the vertebral canal?Answer: It forms a sac in the canal. It is, however, fused to the rim of the foramen magnum. Slips of dura attach into the ligaments of the periosteum of the axis, lower cervical and thoracic vertebrae. Question: Why is the dura of the vertebral canal attached in such a manner?Answer: It is structured this way to be able to move freely but still needs to be (meningovertebral ligaments) Question: Dura in the Canal : figure 12Answer: Page 30... look at it. Question: The dural Answer: Double layer of dura extending into a few fissures of the brain. Question: Where is the dura of the located?Answer: In the great longitudinal cerebral fissure between the and left cerebral hemispheres.
Question: Falx Answer: Where the dura dips between the cerebellar hemispheres in the posterior cerebellar notch. Question: Is there a dural venous sinus in the falx ?Answer: Yes Question: Tentorium Answer: Visceral dura running laterally and foward from its confluence with the falx and falx cerebri. Built like a tent over the cerebellum and under the occipital lobes of the cerebrum. Question: HiatusAnswer: The brain comes through this . It is the opening in the middle of the left and right tentorial wings. Question: Diaphrama Answer: dura that roofs over the sella trurica (pituitary fossa) Question: Is the dura a tissue?Answer: Mostly collagen but it does have a few capillaries. It has vessels going around its outer . Question: Do innervate the dura?Answer: Yes, supertentorium: trigeminal and facial and infratentorium: Question: Where are most of our ''throbbing'' located?Answer: The dura, particularly on the cranial Question: Is the mater vascular? Answer: No, it is a non-vascular Question: Physical features of the materAnswer: Thin and transparent (saran wrap). The inner and out walls are composed of a simple squamous cell . Question: True or False: It is from the mater that many meningeomas arise?Answer: True Question: What is a for arachnoid mater?Answer: Question: Does the arachnoid mater dip into the fissures and sulci of the ?Answer: Yes, wherever the dura mater goes, the mater is sure to follow. Question: Arachnoid Answer: Aid in maintaining the shape and add some in combination with the cerebrospinal fluid. Question: Subarachnoid Answer: The space between the dura and the mater Question: Figure 15 on page Answer: Know it. Question: What is a ?Answer: A little reservoir, a well. The deeper than normal gap between the arachnoid and pia . Question: Figure 16 on page Answer: Know it. Question: Cerebellomedually cistern (cisterna )Answer: Posterior location to the foramen magnum. The of all CRANIAL cisterns. Question: What into the cerebellomedually cistern and from where?Answer: The fourth ventricle opens to the magna via the median formamen of Magendie. Question: CisternAnswer: Deep within the transverse fissure. Question: What are the important vessels that are found on the floor of the superior cistern?Answer: 1. Great Vein of 2. Posterior and superior cerebral artery Question: CisternAnswer: Anterior of the pons. Question: Lateral Foramina of Answer: A pair of openings that enter the pontine cistern from the ventricle. Question: cisternAnswer: It around the tapering end of the spinal cord all the way down to the upper sacral canal. Question: What the so called lumbar cul-de-sac?Answer: The cistern Question: From where do we get a tap?Answer: The cistern Question: Interpeduncular Answer: region between the peduncles on the anterior aspect of the midbrain. Question: can you find much of the vascularization for the circle of willis?Answer: Along the epipia of the interpeducular Question: What is another term for Villi?Answer: Pcchinonion Question: VilliAnswer: Tuffed prolongations of arachnoid mater that herniate into the dura and associate with the lining of the dural venous blood sinuses Question: Where can you fin most of the villi?Answer: In the sagittal dural sinus Question: The of the arachnoid villiAnswer: Allows used CSF to enter the and be removed from the cranial vault. Question: Another term for Pia Answer: Tender Question: Pia Answer: The inner most meninx (leptomeninx). are transparent membrane Question: Does the Pia dip into all and sulci of the brain and the cord?Answer: Question: of the Pia: Epipial LayerAnswer: A complex of cells and collagen continuous with the arachnoid tuberculae. Blood vessels going or coming from the CNS structures are generally conducted by this layer. Question: Name 2 structures formed by the layerAnswer: 1. Dendate Ligament 2. Filum terniale Question: Parts of the Pia: Inner Pia Answer: It has a fine reticular and elastic fiber sticks to the CNS tissue within. Question: What percentage of the body weight is the brain?Answer: 2-2.5% Question: What percentage of the normal cardiac does the brain consume?Answer: 14-17% Question: What percent of oxygen and does the brain consume at rest?Answer: 20% Question: Do larger people consume more or less oxygen and glucose at rest than people?Answer: Less Question: How much is perfused through the brain per minute?Answer: 800ml Question: CVAAnswer: Blood loss to a brain area that in a prolonged or permanent loss of function. Question: What is one of the most common areas in the brain for a to occur?Answer: The middle cerebral artery and its Question: Brain and brainstem blood : the circle of WillisAnswer: 1. Get out a blank piece of paper 2. Draw the of Willis 3. Label it. Question: Where is the most likely port for aneurysms in the of Willis?Answer: The Anterior Communicating Question: Where is the most common anomaly in the circle of Willis?Answer: The Communicating Artery Question: Through what structure does all the blood supply to the medualla oblongata and the pons go ?Answer: The Circle of Question: Why is the of Willis so important?Answer: 1. Lewellen wants us to learn how to draw it for the exam. 2. One third of all the blood to the brain through it. Question: Spinal Cord Blood : Major contributing vesselsAnswer: 1. Anteromedial longitudinal artery trunk (anterior spinal artery) 2. Posterolateral longitudinal artery trunks (posterior ) Question: AnastomosisAnswer: These vessels enter via the IVF at the levels. They supply more total blood to the cords that do the three longitudinal vessels. Question: Pia-glia Answer: The blood vessels to the brain penetrate inward from the pia with a slight cuff of pia Question: Virchow SpaceAnswer: The between the blood vessels and the pia. Question: How are the arteries and of the cerebrum different?Answer: They have a thinner wall and the internal membrane is reduced or absent. The veins also lack valves. Question: Capillaries of the CNS: Gray vs White materAnswer: Extremely dense capillary beds are found in the gray compared to the white mater Question: How much blood is in the brain?Answer: 75 ml Question: How much blood passes through the at any one minute?Answer: 800 Question: What is the most common type of capillary in the CNS?Answer: The capillary Question: capillaryAnswer: Lacks holes, does not have fenestrae, the junction between the cells are tight and the basement are thick Question: Answer: Substances do not easily find access into the CNS structures via the bloodstream to the BBB. Question: Blood Drainage from the Answer: Veins of the CNS usually do not flow back the same the arteries followed inward. They form pial plexuses of veins. Question: Most cerebral veins penetrate the arachnoid mater and visceral dura to into what?Answer: The dural sinuses Question: How does the blood get from the scalp to the venous sinus?Answer: veins Question: How does the blood get from the to the bones of the skull?Answer: Diploic Question: Vault drainage of the dural venous sinus happens into what?Answer: Right or left internal jugular veins at the foramina Question: Dural venous Answer: 1. Large 2. Lack valves 3. Have a endothelial lining Question: Function of the venous sinusAnswer: as support tissue Question: List the dural venous Answer: 1. Superior Sagittal 2. Inferior Sagittal 3. Occipital 4. Transverse 5. Superior petrosal 6. petrosal Question: Sagittal Dural Venous SinusAnswer: Runs along attached border of the falx cerebri from the cecum to the sinuum Question: Blood to supperior saggital DVSAnswer: , bones and cerebrum Question: Flow pattern of superior sagittal Answer: Flows into te transerves DVS after passing through the confluens sinuum Question: Inferior DVSAnswer: Runs along the posterior two thirds of the falx Question: Flow pattern of the sagittal DVSAnswer: Empties blood into the DVS (along with the vein of Galen) Question: Straight (Rectus) Answer: At the junction of the falx cerebri, tentorium cerebelli and the falx cerebelli. Runs in a inferior direction to the confluens sinuum Question: sinuumAnswer: The superior sagittal sinus, straight , and occipital sinus connect at a series of channels that comprise the confluence of sinuses Question: Flow pattern of the DVSAnswer: Drains into the left transverse DVS. from the vein of Galen and inferior sagittal DVS flows the same route. Question: Occipital Answer: Very small DVS. Runs the attached margin of the falx cerebelli into the confluens siuum Question: Flow pattern of the occipital Answer: into the left transvers DVS Question: DVSAnswer: Largest DVS and bilateral. They run along the occipital bone margins of the cerebelli. Question: Petrosal DVSAnswer: Small, bilateral sinus. Runs the crest of the petrous parts of the temporal bones at the attached margin of the tentorium cerebelli. Question: What two structures does the petrosal DVS connect?Answer: The cavernous DVS with the transverse DVS Question: Blood flow of the superior DVSAnswer: Middle ear veins penetrate into the and drain into the superior petrosal sinuses. Question: Inferior petrosal Answer: Small, bilateral sinus. Carries along the petrooccipital suture from the cavernous sinus to the lower sigmoid extension of the transverse DVS. Question: Dural SinusAnswer: Look at the picture on page Question: is the CSF produced?Answer: In each of the 4 ventricles, CSF is produces in specialized ependymal structures choroid plexuses. Question: Right and Left VentriclesAnswer: Largest of the ventricles. Each ventricle is totally separate from the other. Location is entirely within the right or left cerebral hemisphere. Question: How do the right and left lateral ventricle communicate with the ventricle?Answer: Via the Foramina of (interventricle foramina) Question: The five parts or the right and left lateral ventricles:Answer: 1. Anterior horn 2. body 3. Collateral trigone (atrium) 4. Inferior horn 5. posterior horm Question: Where is the plexus located?Answer: Along the roof of the anterior horn, through the atrium and along the floor of the body. It continues through the faramen of , spreading onto the roof the third ventricles. Question: Third Answer: A opening in the substance of the diencephalon Question: From where does the third ventricle CSF?Answer: From the of Monroe Question: Does the third ventricle CSF?Answer: Yes, from the plexus Question: What denotes the third inferiorly?Answer: The cerebral aquaduct of Question: Fourth Answer: An irregular shaped expansion between the cerebellum and the pons and the medualla Question: List the 5 openings into or out of the ventricleAnswer: Question: Cerebral Spinal Fluid: when is it first ?Answer: 5th or 6th month of developemnt Question: Spinal Fluid: what is it mostly made up of?Answer: Question: Cerebral Spinal Fluid: What are the caracteristicsAnswer: Clear and Question: Cerebral Spinal Fluid: Answer: 1. Shock absorber 2. Buoyancy for the brain 3. Vitamin Question: Spinal Fluid: Quantity of fluidAnswer: 80 to 150 Question: Spinal Fluid: is it overturned every day?Answer: Yes, a little is at any given moment. 500ml is produced per day Question: Cerebral Spinal : By what is it reabsorbed?Answer: The arachnoid Question: Spinal Fluid: site of productionAnswer: 70 to 80 % in the plexus Question: Cerebral Spinal Fluid: factors in productionAnswer: 1. high pressure in blood vessels 2. fenestrated capillary beds 3. active transport in microvilli 4. Sympathetic innervation Question: Spinal Fluid: causes for obstructionsAnswer: Neoplasmic , small or absent openings Question: Spinal Fluid: sites of obstructionAnswer: 1. of monroe 2. Foramina of Luchka 3. Foramina of Magendie 4. Cerebral Aquaduct Question: Cerebral Spinal : symptoms of obstructionAnswer: Hydrocephalus (cranial ), Nausea, Explosive vomiting, Headache, Blurred or altered vision Question: Cerebral Spinal : Surgical shuntsAnswer: are used to redirect the CSF from the blocked region to another region. |
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