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Patho III
Patho III (hepatitis, pituitary, diabetes, etc)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| a relatively commin systemic disease that affects primarily the liver | viral hepatitis |
| ___ strains of viruses cause different types of hepatitis | six |
| another name for infectious hepatitis | HAV |
| another name Serum Hepatits | HBV |
| also known as non-A, non-B hepatitis | HCV |
| Hepatitis ___ can be revovered from the feces, bile, and sera of infected individuals | A |
| Mode of transmission for HAV | fecal-oral route, or by transfusion of infected blood |
| incubation period for HAV | 4-6 weeks |
| Fecal shedding of HAV is greatest for _____ days before the onset of symptoms and during the 1st week of symptoms. The disease is most contagious during this time | 10-14 |
| antibodies to HAV (anti-HAV) develop about __ weeks after infection | 4 |
| The serum ___increases initially, followed by an increase in serum ___, which remains elevated for several years after infection, creating immunity to disease | IgM, IgG |
| T or F. Six types of hepatitis include A, B, C,D, E,F | false. A, B, C, D, E, G |
| Does Hepatitis A (infectious hepatitis) cause chronic liver disease | No |
| Hepatitis B (serum hepatitis) is transmitted through contact with ___, ___or ____. | infected bood, body fluids, contaminated needles |
| It's also a sexually transmitted disease and people ___, ___, or ____ have a greater risk of exposure or less resistance to HBV | hemodialysis, multiple blood transfusions, immunosuppressive drugs |
| Mother -infant transmission occurs if the mother becomes infected with HBV during the __ trimester. | 3 |
| HBV has an incubation period of | 6-8 weeks |
| virus that causes most cases of post-transfusion hepatitis | HCV |
| The most common cause of Chronic liver disease in the western world | HCV |
| Chronic hepatitis C is a risk factor for ___. | hepatocellular carcinoma |
| Hepatitis D occurs in individuals with hepatitis __. | B |
| The delta virus depends on the hepatitis B virus for its replication because the coat of the delta virus consist of ___ molecules that are on the surface of the HBV virus | HBsAg |
| Parental drug users have a high incidence of hepatitis __ infection | D |
| Hepatitis D has been known to suppress replication of the hepatitis __ virus | B |
| The clinical course of Hepatitis __ is similiar to that of HAV and HBV, although it is sometimes more severe. | HDV |
| Hepatitis __ is most common in developing countries and is transmitted by the fecal oral route, usually by contaminated water | E |
| Hepatitis __ is common in developing countries, and has the highest mortality in pregnant women | E |
| T or F. Vaccine is available for hepatitis E | false |
| Hepatitis __ is a parenterally and sexually transmitted virus that does not seem to cause clinically significant hepatitis | G |
| Hepatitis __ seems to decrease HIV viral load, increase CD4 T cells and slow down HIV disease progression | G |
| HGV is transmitted by ____, from ____, and probably with low efficiency by ____. | transfusion, mother to infant, sexual contact |
| The pathologic lesions of hepatitis are similiar to those caused by other viral infection. ____, ____, ____, _____ by mononuclear phagocytes occur with varying severity | hepatic cell necrosis, scarring, Kupffer cell hyperplasia, infiltration |
| Regeneration of hepatic cells begins within ___ hours of injury. The infamm. process can damage and obstruct bile canaliculi. leading to cholestasis and obstructive icterus and damage to the liver parenchyma is most severe in cases of HBV and HCV. | 48 |
| HBV is associated with ____; a rare form of the dis. characterized by massive hepatic necrosis causing severe encephalopathy, which is manifested as confusion, stupor, and coma | Acute Fulminating Hepatitis |
| In HBV, liver failure can occur, leading to ___, ___, and ____. | intestinal bleeding, cardiorespiratory insufficiency, renal failure |
| Hepatitis __ reduces the intensity of HBV | D |
| symptoms of the different types of hepatitis are very similar ranging from asymptomatic to fulminating hepatitis, with rapid onset of liver failure and coma and typically consist of which 3 phases? | Prodromal, Icteric, and Recovery |
| Prodromal, also known as the (pre-icteric) begins 2 weeks after exposure and ends with the appearance of ____. | icterus |
| symptoms of the prodromal phase include: | fatigue, anorexia, malaise, n/v, h/a, hyperalgia, cough, and low-grade fever |
| What time of abdominal pain is common during the prodromal phase | right upper quadrant |
| The hepatitis infection is ____ transmissible during the prodromal phase | highly |
| The icteric (jaundice) phase begins 1-2 weeks after the prodromal phase and last ____ weeks | 2-3 |
| What causes jaundice during the icteric phase | hepatocellular destruction and intrahepatic bile stasis |
| What color is stool and urine during the icterus phase before the onset of jaundice | urine is dark and the feces are clay colored because the bilirubin is not going in the natural path that it should |
| T or F. serum bilirubin levels range from 5-10, are increased both conjugated and unconjucated in hepatitis | True |
| PT may be ____ in patients with serious forms of hepatitis | prolonged |
| ____ phase (post-icteric phase) begins with resolution of icterus, about 6-8 weeks after exposure | Recovery |
| T or F. Chronic Hepatitis may begin at the recovery phase and is associated with HBV | True |
| Progression of Chronic Hepatitis | Chronic hepatitis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, liver failure or liver cancer |
| hepatic _____ is manifested as lethargy, altered motor functions and coma | encephalopathy |
| Liver function tests show elevations of both direct and indirect serum __, ___, and ___. | bilirubin, serum transaminases, blood ammonia |
| T of F. Cirrhosis is a reversible inflammatory disease caused by diffuse fibrosis and nodular regeneration that disrupts the liver structure and function. | F. irreversible |
| What are the two types of cirrhosis | Alcoholic cirrhosis, and biliary cirrhosis |
| alcoholic cirrhosis begins with ___ which can occur without subsequent hepatitis or cirrhosis and cessation of alcohol intake reverses the fatty accumulation | fatty infiltration |
| T or F. Fatty infiltraton causes no specific sypmtoms or abnormal liver function test. | True |
| _____ is a multiple system disease and causes hepatomegaly, ascites, hepatic encephalopathy, splenomegaly, portal hypertension, gastrointestinal hemorrhage and esophageal varices. | Cirrhosis |
| Biliary cirrhosis differs from alcoholic cirrhosis in that the damage and inflammation leading to cirrhosis begin in ____and ___, rather than the hepatocytes | bile canaliculi and bile ducts |
| The 2 types of biliary cirrhosis are : | primary and secondary |
| ____ is an autoimmune disease that causes inflammation and destruction of small intrahepatic bile ducts | Primary biliary cirrhosis |
| the hallmark of primary biliary cirrhosis | mitochondrial autoantibodies |
| ____ develops during the later stages of primary biliary cirrhosis | Portal hypertension |
| Progression of biliary cirrhosis | inflammation>> destruction>> fibrosis>> obstruction of the intrahepatic bile ducts>> nodular regeneration>> cirrhosis |
| what serologic test are elevated in primary biliary cirrhosis, with or without other clinical manifestations | alkaline phosphatase and hyperlipidemia |
| _____ develops when there is a prolonged partial or complete obstruction of the common bile duct or its branches caused by gallstones, tumors, fibrotic structures, or chronic pancreatitis. | Secondary biliary cirrhosis |
| ____ provides most definitive diagnosis of secondary biliary cirrhosis | cholangiography |
| represents the effects of renal failure, including retention of toxic wastes, deficiency states, and electrolyte disorders | uremia |
| means increased serum urea levels and frequently, increased creatinine levels as well | azotemia |
| refers to a decline in renal function to about 25% of normal or a GFR of 25 to 30ml/min. and mildly elevated serum creatinine | renal insufficiency |
| sudden decrease function with decrease in GFR and accumulation of nitrogenous waste products in the blood | Acute kidney injury (aka ARF) |
| less than 400ml/day or 30ml/hr of urine is seen in | acuter kidney injury |
| Acute kidney injury commonlresults from: | extracellular vol. depletion, decreased renal blood flow, toxic/inflammatory injurt to renal cells. |
| T or F. Most cases of acute renal failure are irreversible. | false. reversible. |
| Type of acute renal failure that is caused by renal hypoperfusion, which leads to decrease GFR d/t decrease filtration pressure. | Prenal |
| Type of acute renal failure that may result from pre-renal failure or many other diseases, including: ischemic ATN, nephrotoxic ATN, malignant htn, etc | intrarenal (intrinsic) |
| ATN, the most common cause of ARF can be_____ and _____. | postischemic, nephrotoxic |
| Acute renal failure with bilateral urinary tract obstruction( bladder outlet obstruction,prostatic hypertrophy, or bilateraly ureteral obstruction. | post renal |
| T or F. Plasma creatinine is inversely proportional to GFR. | True |
| _____, the osmotic diuretic, causes renal vasodilation with increased renal blood flow and GFR | Mannitol |
| _____is generally controlled and nutrition maintained with low-protein, high carb diet. | Azotemia |
| progressive and irreversible loss of renal function, with a GFR less than 60ml/min/1.73m2 regardless of cause | chronic kidney disease |
| Renal failure is not usually apparent until the renal function declines to less than___% of normal | 25 |
| There major kinds of renal stones are: | calcium oxalate (75-85%) Struvite (magnesium, ammonium, phosphate) 15% Uric acid (7%) |
| uric acid tends to crystallize in an acidic urine, particularly when the pH remains below 5.5 and urine vol. is low. ___ and ___ stones form independently of the urine pH. | Calcium oxalate, cystine |
| _____ are defined as a break in the continuity of a bone which typically occurs when the force applied exceeds the tensile or comprehensive strength of the bone. | fractures |
| The highest incidence of fractures are in? | young males (15-24yrs) and adults (65 years and older). |
| Fractures of healthy long bones (tibia, clavicle, and lower humerus) usually happen in which group of people? | Young people as a result of trauma |
| fractures of the hands and feet are usually caused by what? | accidents in the workplace |
| fractures of the upper femur, upper humerus, vertabrae and pelvis is higher in which population? What is it often associated with | older or elderly adults, often associated with osteoporosis |
| Fractures are classified by cause as: __, __, __. | pathologic, stress, transchondral |
| _____ fractures are a break at the site of a pre-existing abnormal condition, by a force that wouldn't do it to a normal bone(tumors, osteoporosis, infections, and metabolic bone disorders) | pathologic |
| type of fracture that occurs in normal or abnormal bone subjected to repeated stress (athletic events). The stress is less than the one usually causing the fracture. | stress |
| Types of Stress fractures? | Fatigue and insufficiency |
| Which type of stress fracture is caused by abnormal stress or torque applied to a bone with normal ability to deform and recover (joggers, dancers) | Fatigue |
| Type of stress fracture occurring in bones lacking normal ability to deform and recovery (normal weight bearing and activity) | insufficiency |
| Type of fracture (osteochondritis dissecans) where there is fragmentation and separation of a portion of the articular cartilage that covers the end of a bone at a joint (head of the femur, ankle, patella, |
Created by:
Bvaleris
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