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Lymphoid 1
Lymphoid Tissue 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Breifly describe lymphoid tissue | It is extracellular tissue fluid that is collected and brought back into the venous circulation through the lymphatics |
| What does the spleen filter? | blood |
| What do lymph nodes filter? | Lymph |
| What does humoral immunity mean? | It means that it deals with the humors which are the fluid parts of the body. Phlegm, bile and blood. Within the blood there are soluble factors that will aid in destruction and those factors are antibodies |
| What cells are responsible for humoral immunity? | B cells |
| Where do B cells mature? | They fully mature in the bone marrow and make their way to secondary lymphoid tissue |
| What happens to B cells in the secondary lymphoid tissue? | That is the site where B cells come in contact with an antigen |
| What do B cells differentiate into? | Into a effector cell, a plasma cell and that will lead to the release of antibodies important for killing |
| What cells are responsible for cellular immunity? | T cells |
| True or False: Other classes of T cells are responsible for humoral response as well | True |
| Where do T cells start out and where do they go to mature? | They start out in the bone marrow and they mature in the thymus |
| Describe an example of how c-kit stem cells are indicative of lymphocytes | C-kit cells start to differentiate from a pluripotent cell to multipotent stem cells and you lose the c-kit marker and start picking up other markers |
| What is the site of initial development? | Primary lymphoid tissue |
| What does primary lymphoid contain? | Contains the stromal cells that provide the environment for stem cell proliferation and differentiation, Bone marrow and thymus |
| What is the role of seconday lymphoid organs/tissues? | Site of effector cells (plasma cells) architecture provides for effiecient immune system (anitbodies) |
| Name examples of secondary organs/tissues | Lymph nodes, spleen, Mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), Gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), tonsils |
| True or False: Tonsils are capsulated lymph tissue | False. They are unencapsulated |
| True or False: GALT and MALT are unencapsulated | True |
| True or False: Lymph nodes, spleen and thymus all have capsules | True |
| What do the capsule provide? | A nice rigid structure and you'll have invagination of that connective tissue froming trabeculae |
| Why does the spleen have vasculature going in and leaving? | Because it filters blood |
| Does the spleen have afferent lymph vessels? | No, but it has efferent lymph nodes because it does not filter lymph itself |
| Do lymph nodes have a closed circulation? | Yes, it has some type of vasculature coming in and out but it is closed circulation |
| True or False: Lymph vessels have similar archietecture to artery and veins | True. They have tunica intima, tunica media and advenitia |
| True or False: Lymph nodes have blind-end lymph vessels which are very thin walled | True |
| Do lymph vessels have valves? | Yes, but no extensive muscle wall It gets pulses from teh muscles within the legs allowing lymph to be driven upwards |
| Describe the lymph node structure | They are attached in series. Central core is known as the medulla surrounded by cortex. Reticular cells that send out little processes |
| What type of collagen do reticular cells send out in lymph nodes? | Type 3 collagen |
| Describe the travel of lymph | Through the cortex, to medulla to efferent vessel |
| What type of capsule does lymph have? | A thin dense irregular connective tissue capsule of Type I collagen. Also has a sub-capsule sinus |
| What type of collagen is the trabeculae? | Type I collagen |
| What type of cells line the sinus in the lymph | Endothelial cells |
| What happens if a foreign antigen is introduced in lymph nodes? | It will be phagocytized by certain cell, processed and initiate the differentiation of B cells towards plasma cells |
| How do macrophages participate in the lymph node when a foreign antigen is introduced? | They send out little processes through the lining to capture foreign antigens |
| Describe the initiation stages of B cell activation to plasma cells | Phagocytose an antigen. Presenting of an antigen to CD4+. Dendritic processes expose MHCII complex, it is recognized by receptors on CD4+ cells. CD4+ is activated and B cells are activated |
| Describe the proliferation and differentiation stage | B cell is activated and memory cells and then plasma cell is made. Secondary follicle where immune response is going on |
| Describe a primary follicle | B cell rich zone that is a non-immune region; resting follicle |
| Define mantle zone | The non-proliferating or slowly proliferating B cells; secondary follicle. the clearing zone is the germinal center: where you have initaion and differentiation towards plasma cells |
| What are the cells called in the zone of proliferation? | Centroblasts |
| Where is the B cell rich zone in the lymph node? | In the outer cortex |
| Where is the T cell rich zone in the lymph node? | In the deep cortex |
| What brings the antigen in? | Macrophages and dendritic cells sending processes into the sinus |
| Describe the reaction locations in lymph nodes | Starts in the deep cortex, those activated B cells will migrate to the b cell rich zone, these follicles will differentiate towards plasma cells |
| Where is the connection between arterial and venous system located? | In the deep cortex. It is an very importatn area for bringing naive lymphocytes into a lymph node |
| What happens once the plasmoblasts are made? | They will escape the follicle and either sit in the medulla and finish the differentiation process into plasma cells or jump to efferent vessels and go to circulation to go to bone marrow or mammary glands |
| Describe the activation of B cells | In T cell rich zone a foreign particle gets phagocytosed by a dendritic cell and activated T -cell will actiavte B cell. Primary to secondary follicle |
| Summarize B cells after they mature | They go to sites like spleen, lymph nodes or unencapsulated lymph tissue, activated into centroblasts, then if selected becomes a centrocyte then plasmoblast |
| What is a mantle cell lymphoma? | When the mantle region has begun to proliferate uncontrollably. It proliferates slowly so it is hard to treat |
| What is a large B-mantle cell lymphoma? | If the centroblasts become uncontrolled with respect to the cell cycle. It is treatable with chemotherapy |
| what is follicular lymphoma? | With a centrocyte, you get a BCL-2 defect so you don't have BCL-2 |
| What is a mulitple myeloma? | where plasma cells are undergoing division |
| What drug targets CD20+ cells in lymphomas? | Rituximab |
| Desribe plasma cells | Eccentrically placed nucleus and is heterochromatic. cytoplasm is full of rough ER because its job is to strictly make antibodies |
| What specialized endothelial lining is in the deep cortex of the lymph node? | HEV. Has a cuboidal epithelial lining. Expresses certain sugar groups that attracts naive lymphocytes. HEV exist where you need to allow naive lymphocytes to get in |
| Does the spleen have HEV? | No because it has open circulation |
| What do macrophages do in the spleen? | They remove aged erythrocytes and aged platelets. It is the site of filtering the blood of bacterial infections |
| Does the spleen have a capsule? | Yes but no cortex and medulla |
| Describe white pulp of the spleen | it is the site of the lymphocytes. Follicle, marginal zones and PALs are all white pulp |
| Desribe red pulp | Around white pulp. It has sinuses known as splenic sinuses. |
| Desribe splenic sinuses | It has discontinous endothelial lining, blood can percolate right into the parenchyma (open circulation). Has splenic cords or cords of Billroth. Between sinuses there is red pulp |
| What happens when blood is filtered in the spleen? | Be captured adn if there's a foreign antigen it will cause a primary follicle to become a secondary follicle |
| Describe the central artery | It is a B cell rich zone covered with a sheath of T cells. It is eccentrically placed relative to the follicle |
| What are T cell rich zones known as | PALs (Periarterial lymphatic sheath) |
| Describe places with discontinous endothelial lining | Spleen, Liver and Bone marrow |
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