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AP-USH Vocab
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Bill of Rights | 1791. Popular term for the first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution. The amendments secure key rights for individuals and reserve to the states all powers not explicitly delegated or prohibited by the constitution. |
| Judiciary Act of 1789 | Organized the federal legal system, establishing the Supreme Court, federal district and circuit courts, and the office of the attorney general. |
| Funding at Par | Payment of debts, such as government bonds at face value. In 1790, Alexander Hamilton proposed that the federal government pay its Revolutionary War debts in full in order to bolster the nation's credit |
| Assumption | The transfer of debt from one party to another. In order to strengthen the union,the federal government assumed the states' Revolutionary War debts, thereby tying the interest of the wealthy leaders to the national government. |
| Tariff | Tax levied on imports. |
| Excise Tax | Tax on goods produced domestically. Excise taxes, particularly the 1791 tax on whiskey , were a highly controversial component of Alexander Hamilton's financial program. |
| Bank of the United States | 1791. Charted by Congress to as part of Alexander Hamilton's financial program, the bank printed paper money and served as a depository for Treasury funds. It drew opposition from Jeffersonians Republicans, who argued that the bank was unconstitutional |
| Whiskey Rebellion | 1794. An uprising of whiskey distiller in Southwestern Pennsylvania in opposition to an excise tax on Whiskey. |
| Reign of Terror | 1793-1794. Ten month period of brutal repression when some 40,000 individuals were executed as enemies of the French Revolution. Many Jeffersonians maintained their faith in the French republic. |
| Neutrality Prclamation | 1793 Issued by George Washington, it proclaimed America's formal neutrality in the escalating conflict between England and France, a statement that enraged pro-French Jeffersonians. |
| Battle of Fallen Timbers | 1794 Decisive Battle between the Miami confederacy and the US Army. British forces refused to shelter the routed Indians, forcing the latter to attain a peace settlement with the US. |
| Treaty of Greenville | 1795. Under the terms of the treat, the Miami Confederation agreed to cede territory in the Old Northwest to the United States in exchange for cash payment, hunting rights, and formal recognition of their sovereign status. |
| Jay's Treaty | 1794 Negotiated by Chief Justice John Jay in an effort to avoid war with Britain and the treaty included a British promise to evacuate outposts on the US soil and pay damages for seized America Vessels in exchange for the US to pay Revolutionary War Debts |
| Pinckey's Treaty | 1795. Signed with Spain which, fearing an Anglo-American alliance, granted Americans free Navigation of the Mississippi and the disputed territory of Florida. |
| Farewell Address | 1796. George Washington's address at the end of his presidency, warning against "permanent alliances" with other nations. Washington did not oppose all alliances but believed that the young fledgling nation should forge alliances only on a temporary basis |
| XYZ Affair | Diplomatic conflict between France and the US when American envoys to France were asked to pay a hefty bribe for the privilege of meeting with the French foreign minister. |
| Convention of 1800 | Agreement to formally dissolve the the United States' treaty with France, originally signed during the Revolutionary War like American's peacetime alliance with France contributed opposition to entangling alliances with foreign powers. |
| Alien Laws | 1798. Acts passed by the Federalist Congress raising the residency requirements for citizenship to 14 years and granting the president the power to deport dangerous foreigners in times of peace. |
| Sedition Acts | 1798 Enacted by the Federalist Congress in an effort to clam down on Jeffersonian opposition, the law made anyone convicted of defaming government officials or interfering with government policies liable to imprisonment and a heavy fine. |
| Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions | Statements secretly drafted by Jefferson and Madison for legislatures of Kentucky and Virginia. Argued that states were the final arbiters of whether the federal government overstepped its boundaries and could therefore nullify national legislation. |
| Revolution of 1800 | Electoral victory of Democratic Republicans over the Federalist who lost their congressional majority and the presidency. The peaceful transfer between rival parties solidified faith in America's political system. |
| Patronage | A practice of rewarding political support with special favors, often in the form of public office. Upon assuming office, Thomas Jefferson dismissed few federalist employees, leaving scant opening to fill with political appointees. |
| Judiciary Act of 1801 | Passed by the departing Federalists Congress, it created 16 new federal judgeships ensuring a Federalist hold on the judiciary. |
| Midnight Judges | 1801. Federal justices appointed by John Adams during the last days of his presidency. Their positions were revoked when the newly elected Republican Congress repealed the Judiciary Act. |
| Marbury VS Madison | 1803 Supreme Court case that established the principle of "judiciary review" The idea that the Supreme court had the final authority to determine constitutionality. |
| Tripolitan War | 1801-1805. Four year conflict between the American Navy and the North African nation of Tripoli over piracy in the Mediterranean. Jefferson reluctantly deployed American forces, eventually securing a peace treaty with Tripoli. |
| Louisiana Purchase | 1803. Acquisition of Louisiana territory from France. The purchase more than doubled the territory of the US. |
| Corps of Discovery | Meriwether Lewis and William Clark were sent by Jefferson to explore Louisiana territory and find a water route to the Pacific ocean. |
| Orders in Council | 1806-1807. Edicts issued by the British Crown closing French owned European ports to foreign shipping. The French responded by ordering the seizure of all vessels entering British ports. Butting off American merchants from trade with both parties. |
| Impressment | Act of forcibly drafting an individual into military service, employed by the British Navy against American seamen in times of war against France. |
| Chesapeake Affair | 1807. Conflict between the Britain and the US that precipitated the 1807 embargo. The conflict developed when a British ship in search of deserters, fired on the American Chesapeake off the coast of Virginia. |
| Embargo Act | 1807 enacted in response to British and French mistreatment of American merchants, the act banned the export of all goods from the US to any foreign ports. |
| Non-Intercource Act | 1809. Passed alongside the repeal of the embargo act. It reopened trade with all but Britain and France. |
| Macon's Bill Number Two | Aimed at the resuming peaceful trade with Britain and France, the act stipulated that if either nation repealed its trade restrictions, the US would reinstate the embargo act against the nonrepealing nation. |
| War Hawks | Democratic-Republicans Congressmen who pressed James Madison to declare war on Britain. |
| Battle of Tippecanoe | Resulted in the defeat of Shawnee chief Tenskwatawa, "The prophet" at the hands William Henry Harrison in the Indiana wilderness. After the battle, the prophet's brother Tecumseh forged an alliance with the British against the US. |
| War of 1812 | Fought between Britain and the US largely over the issue of trade and impressment. Though the war ended in a relative draw, it demonstrated America's willingness to defend it's interests militarily, earning the young nation new found respect from European |
| Battle of New Orleans | 1815 Resound victory of American forces against the British, restoring American confidence and fueling an outpouring of nationalism. |
| Congress of Vienna | 1814-1815. COnvection of major European powers to redraw the boundaries of continental European after the defeat of the Napoleonic France. |
| Treaty of Ghent | 1815. Ended the War of 1812 in a virtual draw, storing prewar borders but failing to address any of the grievances that first brought America into the war. |
| Hartford Convection | 1814-1815. Convention of Federalists from five New England states who opposed the War of 1812 and resented the strength of Southern and Western inter |
| Rush-Bagot Treaty | 1817 Signed by Britain and the US, it established strict limits on naval armaments in the Great Lakes, a first step in the full demilitarization of the US Canadian border completed in the 1870s |
| Tariff of 1816 | First protective tariff in American history created primarily to shield New England manufacturers from the inflow of British goods from the inflow of British goods after the War of 1812 |
| American System | 1820s Henry Clay's three pronged system to promote American industry. Clay advocated a strong banking system, a protective tariff, and a federally funded transportation network |
| Era of Good Feelings | 1816-1824. Popular name for the period of one party, republican, rule during James Monroe's presidency. The tern obscures the bitter conflicts over internal improvements, slavery, and the national bank. |
| Panic of 1819 | Severe financial crisis brought on primarily by the effort of the Bank of US to curb over speculation on western lands. It disproportionately affected the poorer classes, especially in the west, sowing the seeds of the Jacksonian Democracy. |
| Land Act of 1820 | Fueled the settlement of the Northwest and Missouri territories by lowering the price of public land. Also prohibited the purchase of federal acreage on credit, thereby eliminating one of the causes of the Panic of 1819. |
| Tallmadge Amendment | 1819 Failed proposal to prohibit the importation of slaves into Missouri territory and pave the way for gradual emancipationSoutherners vehemently opposed the amendments which they perceived as a threat to the sectional balance between the north and south |
| Peculiar Institution | Widely used term for the institution of American slavery in the south. It use in the first half of the 19th century reflected a growing division between the North, where slavery was gradually abolished and the south, where slavery ]increasingly entrenched |
| Missouri Compromise | 1820. Allowed Missouri to enter as a slave state by preserved the balance between the North and South by carving free soil Maine out of Massachusetts and prohibiting slavery from territories acquired in the Louisiana Purchase |
| McCulloch vs Maryland | Supreme Court case that strengthened federal authority and upheld the constitutionality of the Bank of the US by establishing the state of Maryland did not have power to tax the bank. |
| Loose Construction | Legal doctrine which holds that the federal government can use powers not specifically granted or prohibited in the constitution to carry out its constitutionally mandated responsibilities. |
| Cohens vs Virginia | 1821. Case that reinforced federal supremacy by establishing the right of the Supreme Court to review decisions of state supreme court in questions involving the powers of the federal government. |
| Gibbons vs Ogden | 1824 Suit over whether New York State could grant a monopoly to a ferry operating on interstate waters. The ruling reasserted that congress had the sole power to regulate instate commerce. |
| Fletcher vs Peck | 1810 Established firmer protection for private property and asserted the right of the Supreme Court to invalidate state laws in conflict with the federal constitution |
| Darthmouth College vs Woodward | Supreme Court case that sustained Darthmouth University's original charter against changes proposed by the New Hampshire state legislature thereby protecting incorporation from domination by state government. |
| Anglo-American Convection | 1818 Signed by Britain and the US the pact allowed New England fisherman access to the Newfoundland fisheries, established the north border of Louisiana territory and provided for the joint occupation of the Oregon Country for 10 years. |
| Florida Purchase Treaty | 1819 Under the agreement, Spain ceded Florida to the US which in exchange abandoned its claims to Texas |
| Monroe Doctrine | 1823 Statement delivered by President James Monroe, warning European powers to refrain from seeking any new territories in the Americas. The US largely lacked the power to back up the pronouncement, which was actually enforced by the British |
| Russo American Treaty | 1824 Fixed the line of 54 degree 40 degree as the southern most boundary of Russian holdings in North America. |
| Anti Federalists | Opponents of the 1787 Constitution, they cast the document as antidemocratic, objected to the subordination of the states the the central government and feared encroachment on individuals' liberties in the absence of a bill of rights. |
| Federalists | Proponent of the 1787 Constitution, they favored a strong national government , arguing that the checks and balances in the new Constitution would safe guard people's liberties. |
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