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APUSH LT #3
Identify major events in the history of slavery in the United States.
| Word | Definition | Significance |
|---|---|---|
| "Freedom Dues" | payment of articles of clothing, food, and sometimes land. The payments differed by colony. | It "paid" immigrant servants upon the termination of their labor terms. |
| "Middle Passage" | "The brutal sea voyage from Africa to the Americas in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries that took the lives of about 1.5 million enslaved Africans. (p.84)," page G-6). | It brought more slaves to America to help with crops and give the white men more power. It was the beginning of the dehumanization the Africans would face in America. |
| Bacon's Rebellion | A rebellion led by Nathaniel Bacon. He demanded the removal of the Indians and the end to the rule of the wealthy. | To stop more rebellions from poor white men, planters imported thousands of African laborers. |
| Stono Rebellion | The Catholic governor of the Spanish colony of Florida promised slaves freedom to fugitive slaves. 75 Africans rose in revolt near the Stono river and killed a number of whites. In the end, a white militia killed many of the rebels. | Whites became frightened at the power of the slaves and cut their imports of slaves. In addition, plantation discipline was tightened and slaves were treated even more cruelly. |
| "Slave Codes" | The laws each state had that determined the status of slaves and the rights of masters. | Some codes gave full power over slaves. Also most of these laws were passed in Southern colonies and states. |
| "Civil Death" | Loss of citizen privileges through life imprisonment and banishment. | Refers to the loss of all or most of civil rights. |
| Harvard College | Founded in 1636 and considered one of Harvard's oldest school. | three of Harvards presidents owned slaves and slaves also worked on the campus. |
| Half-Way Covenant | A form of partial church membership | It increased church membership and attendance. |
| Salem Witch Trials | A series of hearings, followed by trials to prosecute people of witchcraft. | Many women were accused and killed. |
| Enlightenment | The scientific revolution of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, which challenged folk and traditional Christian views. | Opened the minds of the people and allowed them to think on their own without the influence of the church. Helped some people realize the truth about slavery and the cruelty of reality. |
| Sir Issac Newton | Newton described how the universe operated by natural forces. He presented information that went against Christian values, and taught that the planets move without the help of a supernatural force. | Proved to others that a supernatural force does not control everything and that people have the control of what they can and cannot to. This made the people feel superior, while they saw the slaves as animals who could be used for their own benefit. |
| Deism | "The Enlightenment-influenced belief that the Christian God created the universe and then left it to run according to natural laws. (p.116)," (G-2) | Led Benjamin Franklin to think about the morality of slavery. It helped others see that slaves were human as well, and should be treated accordingly. |
| Benjamin Franklin | He was a great inspiration of the American Enlightenment. He believed in natural reason, and thinking for one's self. He began to question the morality of slavery. | The idea of thinking with one's own mind, rather than through religious thought and the bible, started to make people think about the justification of slavery. |
| Great Awakening | Challenged legally established churches and the authority of all the ministers. | Since it brought different ideas and new churches that welcomed the poor and the enslaved, it gave them more opportunities to be equal with the wealthy. |
| Jonathan Edwards | Restored spiritual zeal to Congregational churches. "Preached that men and women were helpless creatures, completely dependent on the mercy of God," (120). | Led to the Great Awakening, which "spread Christianity among slaves, shrank the cultural difference between blacks and whites, and undermined one justification fro slavery and gave some blacks a new religious identity," (124). |
| George Whitefield | He started the Great Awakening. Told his spellbound listeners that they had sinned and that they must seek salvation. | Due to his ideas, more thoughts on human equality arose, and the start of new opportunities for slaves arose. |
| "Old Lights" | People who did not believe that people had sinned and must seek salvation. They were conservative ministers who believed in the old ways. | Gave more determination to the "New Lights" and led to a closer connection between blacks and whites. |
| Fort Duquesne | French authorities created this fort to stop Anglo-American settlers. To reassert British claims, Colonel George Washington was sent to take the fort. However, they seized Washington and the French and Indian war began. | Captured an outpost on English traders. |
| French and Indian War | Britain went to war against the French over land claims. | Allies opposed England and led to the Treaty of Paris |
| Albany Plan of Union | Called for a continental assembly to manage trade, Indian policy, and defense in the west to counter French expansion. | This idea was rejected by the British government, and the colonists felt that they deserved more authority. |
| General Edward Braddock | A British soldier and commander-in-chief for North America | He set new standards for amateur leaders in war |
| William Pitt | He was the architect of the British war effort. Pitt helped pay for the troops and the equipment, and believed in expanding the amount of land owned by the British. | Due to Pitt's efforts, the British won and they were able to obtain more land. |
| Paris Peace Settlement of 1763 | "It granted British sovereignty over half the continent of North America, including French Canada, all French territory east of the Mississippi River, Spanish Florida, and the recent conquests in Africa and Indian," (127). | Since Britain had more land, it created a greater market economy. This eventually led to more slavery and a much greater reliance on their oppression. |
| Acadians | French settlers who lived in Nova Scotia were called this name. The British argued that they were "rebels without property and deported them to France, the West Indies, and Louisiana," (126-127). | Showed the relentless side of the British, and why the colonists thought it was time to break free of such an overpowering nation. |
| Pontiac's Rebellion | In 1763, Pontiac led a group of loosely confederated tribes against the British. They "seized nearly every British military garrison west of Fort Niagara, besieged the fort at Detroit, and killed or captured more than 2,000 settlers," (127). | "Nearly overwhelmed Britain's frontier fort," (142). Due to the weakened state of the British military, land-hungry colonists were hard to stop and expansion of land began. |
| Proclamation of 1763 | "Prohibited white settlements west of the Appalachians," (127) Also, the Indians that the British had fought with, agreed to see them as their new political "fathers." | Raised tension between colonists and Britain. Causing colonists to become more independent. |
| John Locke | A major contributor to the Enlightenment. Locke believed that deserved the right to life, liberty, and property. | Motivated slaves and abolitionists that every person deserves rights and helped encourage them to challenge corrupt government policies. |
| "New Lights" | People who felt a new light within them after hearing Jonathan Edwards speak about sin and salvation. They enthusiastically helped spread Edwards message. | Due to their strong beliefs to convert others and save their souls, slaves were welcomed into Baptist churches. Those who attended admired the message that "all people were equal in God's eyes," (123). |
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