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APUSH Imperialism
1890-1909
| Question | Answer | Importance |
|---|---|---|
| Philippe Bunau-Varilla | French engineer of French Canal Company | Signed Hay-Bunau-Varilla treaty w/ US to permit US to build the Panama Canal |
| Philippine Commission | Formed by President McKinley in 1899 to deal with the Filipinos | William Taft (future president) headed the organization & developed a strong attachment w/ the Filipinos |
| Algeciras conference | TR arranges international conference in 1906 to mediate North African disputes | This arrangement & the Treaty of Portsmouth prompted TR to receive the Noble Peace Prize |
| Yellow Journalism | Atrocity stories are created for better circulation & promotion of imperialism | Journalists like William Hearst & Joseph Pulitzer were imperialistic who described foreign exploits as manly adventures |
| Teller Amendment | Adopted by US legislatures in 1898 before the Spanish-American War | US promised that when they overthrow Spain, Cubans will get their freedom |
| William McKinley | Republican president who won 1896 & 1900 elections, beating William Jennings Bryan in both elections | Supported gold standard & imperialism |
| Colonel George Washington Goethals | West Point engineer | Organized the workers & construction of the Panama canal |
| Admiral Cervera | Commander of Spanish fleet during the Spanish-American War | Ordered by Spanish government to go to Santiago harbor in Cuba & fight US |
| Jones Act | Government structure set up by US in Philippines after the US victory in the Spanish-American War | William Taft (appointed by US president) is 1st governor of Philippines; 2-house legislature is set up |
| William Jennings Bryan | Democratic candidate in 1896, 1900, 1908 but lost to McKinley (1896, 1900) & Taft (1908) | Radiated honey, sincerity, and energy; gave "Cross of Gold" speech in 1896 at the Democratic National Convention |
| Midway Islands | Located midway b/w US & China | US got islands by annexation |
| Queen Liliuokalani | Last resigning queen of Hawaii | Overthrown by US white planters in Hawaii b/c they wanted annexation of Hawaii |
| Insular Cases | In 1901, Supreme Ct is divided but proclaims that flag does outrun Constitution | Means that Filipinos & Puerto Ricans were subject to US rule even if they do not have US rights |
| 1896 Election | B/w Republic McKinley (supported gold standard) & Democratic William Jennings Bryan (supported coinage of free silver) | McKinley won |
| Root-Takahira Agreement | Agreement in 1908 b/w US & Japan after the US battleships, Great White Fleet, sailed around world | US & Japan pledge to respect each other's territorial possessions in Pacific & to uphold Open Door policy in China |
| Clayton-Bulwer Treaty | Agreement between US & Britain | Neither country had exclusive rights to Panama |
| James G. Blaine | Republican Sec of State for Presidents James Garfield & Benjamin Harrison | Pushed "Big Sister Policy" to open Latin US markets to US trade & to rally Latin US nations behind America's leadership |
| Dupuy de Lome | Spanish minister forced to resign after de Lome letter incident | Yellow journalist Hearst stole de Lome's letter & aroused Spanish-American War; letter written by de Lome calls McKinley a "typical politician" |
| "Butcher" Weyler | Spanish general who herded Cuban civilians into re-concentration camps where many died like dogs | his actions outraged the US public & aroused more support for war & imperialism |
| John Hay | Sec of State during McKinley's term as president | Sent Open Door note to all major powers to respect Chinese rights; proclaimed Open-Door in effect despite Russia's refusal |
| 1900 Election | B/w Republican McKinley/TR & Democratic William Jennings Bryan | Issue of election was imperialism (McKinley - supported it; Jennings - opposed it); McKinley won reelection |
| Emilio Aguinaldo | Filipino general, independence leader, politician; became Philippines' first President | Helped US troops capture Manila during Spanish-American War; Led Philippine War after US refused to give independence to Philippines |
| Treaty of Paris 1898 | Treaty b/w US & Spanish after Spanish-American War; | US gains Puerto Rico & Guam; US buys Philippine Islands from Spain for $20 million; Cuba gains independence from Spain |
| Alfred Thayer Mahan | Imperialistic; wrote The Influence of Sea Power in 1890; said the control of the sea was key to dominance | Stimulated naval race among great powersReve |
| Reverend Josiah Strong | Imperialistic; Wrote Out Country: Its Possible Future and Its Present Crisis | Asserted superiority of Anglo-Saxon civilizations & inspired pious missionaries |
| George Dewey | US commander of American Asiatic Squandron in Hong Kong during the Spanish-American War | Destroyed Spanish fleet in May 1898 (400 Spaniard deaths & no American deaths) |
| Grover Cleveland | Democratic president who won 1884 & 1893 elections (first president to have served 2 nonconsecutive terms) | Anti-imperialistic & refused annexation of Hawaii after overthrow of Queen Lil |
| Richard Olney | Sec of State during Grover Cleveland's presidency | Sent a note to London during Venezuelan Crisis saying that British was flouting Moneroe Doctrine & should submit to Us arbitration |
| Panama Canal | French made first failed attempt to build canal; US successfully completed canal in 1914 before outbreak of WWI) | Unified east coast & west coast navies |
| Roosevelt Corollary | "Preventive intervention"; created after German warships sank Venezuelan gunboats in 1903 | Addition to Monroe Doctrine; US could intervene, take over customs houses, or pay off debts to keep other powers out of western hemisphere |
| Theodore Roosevelt (TR) | Fought in Rough Riders during Cuban War; VP of McKinley until his assassination; became youngest serving president at age 42 | Had "Big Stick Policy" in foreign affairs; greatest contribution was Panama Canal |
| Philippine Islands | Owned by Spain prior to Spanish-American War; Owned by US after Spanish-American War; gained independence from US on July 4, 1946 | Filipinos revolted in 1899-1901 Philippine War against US; Filipinos lost |
| Philippine War | Filipinos revolted against US after US refuses to grant them independence | Filipinos lost war after Aguinaldo's capture in 1901 (revolt weakened after that) |
| Anti-Imperialistic League | Formed to oppose McKinley administration's expansionist moves | Never strong enough due to domestic issues |
| Colonel William C. Gorgas | Took part in Panama Canal construction | Exterminated yellow fever in Havana |
| Hay-Paureforte Treaty | In 1901, Britain gives US permission to build canal in Panama | British was too busy with unfriendly Europe & South African Boer War, so British let US build canal |
| Open Door Policy | US sends note in 1899 to great powers - Italy accepts; Russia declines; France, Britain, Japan, & Germany agree only if everyone else agrees unconditionally | Sec of State John Hay declares Open Door in effect despite Russia's refusual |
| Boxers | Group formed by Chinese | Revolted and murdered missionaries & whites in 1900; besieged foreign diplomats in Beijing |
| Panama Revolution | Occurred in November 1903 | TR helped revolt by sending US naval forces & blocking Colombian troops' path to isthmus |
| Great White Fleet | 16 US battleships from VA are sent around the world; Slogan: "Join the Navy and See the World" | TR regards this as his most important contribution to peace |
| General William R. Shafter | Took part in Spanish-American War | Led invading US force during Spanish-American War |
| Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty | B/w US & Panama; treaty signed in Washington | US buys 10 miles of land from Panama for $10 million |
| Spanish-American War | lasted for 113 days in 1898; b/w Spain & US; fought on Philippine/Pacific & Caribbean (Cuba, Puerto Rico) theaters | US had few casualties (most deaths came from disease); US gained prestige after victory |
| William Seward | Sec of State; expansionist | Bought Alaska from Russia in 1867 via treaty for $7.2 million |
| Puerto Rico | Owned by Spain prior to Treaty of Paris 1898; Owned by US after Treaty of Paris 1898 | Have limited degree of popular government with Foraker Act of 1900 |
| Foraker Act | In 1900, US limits Puerto Rico the degree of popular government | US does not grant Puerto Rico independence like US did for Cuba |
| U.S.S. Maine | Blew up in Havana harbor in February 1893 | US public is outraged; Spain is blamed for explosion; one of causes for Spanish-American War |
| Platt Amendment | Constitution of 1901; US forced Cubans to write | Cubans had to agree to US intervention to restore order & the selling/leasing of coaling and naval stations to US |
| Gentlemen's Agreement | Secret agreement b/w US & Japan | CA had to repeal offensive school order; Japan had to agree to stop flow of laborers into US |
| Venezuela Dispute | Dispute b/w British & Venezuelans | British submitted to US arbitration; British get bulk of what they claimed; British & US develop friendship |
| Treaty of Portsmouth | ends Russo-Japanese War; TR mediates treaty: Japan gets 1/2 of island Sakhalin; Russia doesn't have to pay reparations | Japan & US become rivals; Russia & US are no longer friendly; TR wins Noble Peace Prize |
| Rough Riders | Commanded by Colonel Leonard Wood; Organized by TR | Fought at El Caney & San Juan Hill with strong support from black regiments; TR gains fame |
| Big Stick Policy | In foreign policy, diplomacy is used then the big stick (navy) if diplomacy fails | TR was champion of military and navy prepared-ness |
| Hawaii | Becomes US territory in 1900; admitted as 50th state in 1959 | Annexed in 1898 by Mckinley b/c of strategic location in Spanish-American War |
| Cuba | Has 2 revolts against Spain in 1870s & 1895 | Gains independence from Spain (as promised by US in Teller Amendment) |
| Monroe Doctrine | Enhanced by Venezuelan crisis when British submitted to US arbitration | Meaning changed when TR introduced Roosevelt Corollary: US can intervene to keep European powers from intervening |
| Russo-Japanese War | War fought b/w Russia & Japan in 1904 mainly in Korea; Russia sought China's Manchuria (esp. Port Arthur), but Japan opposed & fought Russia | US President TR mediates war in Treaty of Portsmouth; Japan sought US help to end war |
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