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Chapter8 Rubenstein
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| In 2009, how many members are there in the United Nations | 192 |
| an area organized into a political unit and ruled by an establishment govt. with control | State |
| What is a synonym for state? | country |
| Know the problem with Korea and if it is one state or two. | Korea divided after Japan was defeated in WWII. The government was committed to reuniting the country into one sovereign state, but their reunification was stopped after N. Korea decided to make nuclear weapons. |
| Know the problem between China and Taiwan. | The problem was that China thought Taiwan and China were one state but many other countries including Taiwan believe they are separate and sovereign states. |
| Ability of a state to govern its territory free from control of its internal affairs by other states | Sovereignty |
| Problem with Western Sahara (Sahrawi Republic) | Western Sahara is considered as a sovereign state but Morocco claims the territory. Built a 2,700-kilometer wall around the territroy to keep out rebels. The UN has failed to reach a resolution among parties. |
| Polar Regions: Many Claims What are the problems | many claims have been made on Antarctica and the Arctic Circle. |
| What is the Antarctic Treaty? | Provides legal framework for managing Antarctica. States can establish research stations there for scientific investigation, but no military activities. |
| What is The Law of the Sea? | Permitted countries to submit claims inside the Arctic Circle by 2009. |
| A state that encompasses a very small land area | MicrostatesA |
| What is the Fertile Crescent? | Formed an arc between the Persian GUlf and the Mediterranean Sea. |
| A sovereign state comprising a city and the surrounding countryside | City-state |
| What were the first states to evolve in Mesopotamia were called | City-states |
| How did the walls help defend the Roman Empire? | Helped defend many of the empire's frontiers |
| What formed the basis for the development of such Modern European states like England, France, and Spain. | The consolidation of neighboring states under the unified control of a king |
| Territory that is legally tied to a sovereign state than completely independent | Colony |
| Attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory. | Colonialism |
| Why did Europeans states establish colonies elsewhere in the world. | To promote Christianity, to extract useful resources for markets, and to establish relative power through the number of colonies. |
| Control of territory already occupied and organized by an indigenous groups. | Imperialism |
| Where did the British plant their colonies | Every continent |
| What was the state with the largest colonial empire and what was their quote | The British "Sun never set" |
| Invisible line that marks the extent of a state's territory | Boundary |
| What controls the length of a state's boundaries with other states | Shape of a state |
| What are the 5 basic shapes | Compact, Perforated, Prorupted, Elongated, and Fragmented |
| A state in which the distance from the center to any boundary does not vary significantly | Compact State |
| Problem with a state being compact | Civil wars and ethical rivalries |
| A state with a long and narrow shape | Elongated |
| Problems with elongated states | May suffer from poor internal communications and more isolation |
| An otherwise compact state with a large projecting extension | Prorupted states |
| Problem with prorupted states | Isolation |
| Why are proruptions created | To provide a state with access to a resource and to separate two states that otherwise would share a boundary |
| States that completely surround another one | Perforated State |
| Problem with perforated | Border between the two countries divided families and ethnic groups. Conflict with nation within it as well. |
| Includes several discontinuous pieces of territory | Fragmented state |
| Problems with fragmented | Some may attempt to break away from others |
| Lacks a direct outlet to the sea Surrounded by other countries | Landlocked state |
| Problems with landlocked | No link to ocean where gods can be traded and they must rely on neighboring countries |
| What are the two types of boundaries | Physical and cultural |
| coincide with significant features of the natural landscape | Physical boundaries |
| Follow the distribution of cultural characteristics | Cultural boundaries |
| What are the best boundaries | Where all the affected states agree, regardless of the rationale used to draw the line |
| Why are desert boundaries good boundaries | Deserts are hard to cross and sparsely inhabited |
| Why are mountain boundaries good | Difficult to cross, rather permanent, and sparsely inhabited |
| What are rivers, lakes and oceans used for | Boundaries |
| Problem with water boundaries | Precise position of the water may change over time and water boundaries can slowly change their course |
| What is the Law of the Sea | States have exclusive rights to the fish and other marine life within 200 miles. Countries separated by less than 400 miles must negotiate the location of the boundary between exclusive fishing rights |
| Two types of cultural boundaries | geometric and ethnic |
| simple straight lines drawn on a map | Geometric boundaries |
| boundaries between countries to separate followers of different religions | Religious Boundaries |
| sboundaries between countries to separate followers of different religions | Language boundarie |
| What separated states instead of boundaries | frontiers |
| Zone where no stat exercises complete political control | Frontiers |
| Pros of a frontier | Provides an area of separation whereas a boundary brings two neighboring states into direct contact, increasing the potential for violent face-to-face meetings |
| Two ways that governments of states are | Unitary and Federal |
| Places most power in the hands of central government officials | Unitary state |
| Allocates strong power to units of local govt. within the country | Federal state |
| Is the US a unitary state or federal state | Federal |
| What influences the evolution of a country's governmental system | Country's Cultural and Physical characteristics |
| Characteristics of a Unitary government | Works best in nation-states characterized by few internal cultural differences and a strong sense of national unity. It requires effective communication. Smaller states are more common to adopt unitary government. common in Europe. |
| Characteristics of a federal government | Local governments possess more authority to adopt their own laws. Common with multinational states to empower different nationalities. Boundaries can be drawn to correspond with regions inhabited different ethnicities. Made for very large states. |
| Do most people choose unitary or federal | Trend toward federal government |
| When did Poland switch from unitary to federal | After control of the national government was wrested from the Communists |
| The process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power | Gerrymandering |
| Elbridge Gerry | The one who made gerrymandering by signing a bill that redistricted the state to benefit his party. |
| 3 types of gerrymandering | Wasted, Stacked, and Excess |
| When was gerrymandering made illegal | 1985 by the Supreme Court |
| When was the UN created? | End of WWII by the victorious allies |
| What 3 occasions did the membership of the UN grew vastly? | 1955: Countries that have been liberated after WWII 1960:17 new members were added 1990: 26 joined after the breakup between Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union |
| What was the world's first attempt at international peacemaking? | The League of Nations |
| Why did the League of Nations fail? | The US never joined |
| What important role does the UN have? | Tries to separate warring groups on a number of regions |
| Where does the UN get its troops | Individual countries |
| WHo are the superpowers during the cold war | USA and the Soviet Union |
| Condition of roughly equal strength between opposing alliances | Balance of POwer |
| What is NATO and what is its purpose | North Atlantic Treaty Organization Military alliance with 16 democratic states whose principal objective was to prevent the Soviet Union from overrunning W Germany and other small countries |
| What is the purpose of the Warsaw Pact | Provided the Soviet UNion with a buffer of allied states between it and Germany to discourage a third German invasion of the Soviet UNion in the 20th century. |
| Name 4 other Organizations that provide international peace. | OSCE, OAS, AU, and the Commonwealth |
| What is the contemporary pattern of global power | most important elements of state power are more increasingly economic than military and that the leading superpower is not a single state but an economic union of European states |
| What is the main task of the European Union | Promote development within the member states through economic cooperation |
| Systematic use of violence by a group in order to intimidate a population or coerce a government into granting its demands | Terrorism |
| Ways that terrorists use to induce terror | Bombing, kidnapping, hijacking, taking of hostages, and assassination |
| When was the term terror first applied | Period of the French Revolution, known as the Reign of Terror |
| Who are the terrorists main targets | Citizens who happen to be at the target at the time of the attack |
| Were terrorists also American citizens | Yes |
| Who was the Unabomber and why was he called that | Theodore J. Kaczynski and he sent bombs through the mail |
| What was the most dramatic attack on the US | September 11, 2001 |
| Were terrorists also American citizens | Yes |
| Who was the Unabomber and why was he called that | To support the fight against the Soviet Army and the country's Soviet installed government |
| What was the most dramatic attack on the US | September 11, 2001 |
| Who was the organization responsible for 9/11 and who founded it | Because the US supported Saudi Arabia and Israe |
| Why did Osama move to Afghanistan during the mid-1980's | unknown |
| What is a jihad | holy war |
| Why did bin Laden issue a declaration of war on the US | Because the US supported Saudi Arabia and Israel |
| How many are in Al-Qaeda | the numbers are unknown |
| How did the Taliban treat women? | treated them harshly COuld not attend school or go outside without being fully clothed and accompanied by a male relative |
| What are the three increasing levels of terrorism | Providing sanctuary, supplying weapons , money and intelligence, and planning attacks using terrorists. |
| What was Libya accused of | sponsoring a 1986 bombing of a nightclub in Berlin killing three. |
| Why did the US attack Afghanistan in 2001 | The Taliban sheltered Osama bin Laden and other Al-Qaeda terrorists |
| How did the Taliban treat women? | The Taliban prohibited women from attending school, working outside the home, seeking health care, or driving a car and also not permitted to leave unless they are fully clothed and accompanied by a male relative |
| What was the benefit of having the Taliban rule | It temporarily suppressed a civil war after Mohammed Daoud Khan overthrew the king |
| Why did the US attach Iraq in 2003 | TO remove the weapons of mass destruction and to depose Saddam Hussein |
| What was known as Operation Desert Storm | US led Gulf War where they failed to get Hussein |
| What evidence did the UN have that Iraq had weapoons of mass destruction | a nuclear radiation program, a program for making weapons from the VX nerve agent, and a biological weapons program |
| When did the hostility between the US and Iran dates back to when | 1979 when a revolution forced abdication of Iran's pro-US Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi |
| Who was the immediate target on the war of Terrorism | Afghanistan then Iraq |
| When was Pakistan created? | Pakistan along with India was created in 1947 when S Asia was partitioned into predominantly Muslim and Hindu states. |
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