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Rubenstein Ch 1-7
Fall Semester Final Exam Review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Region | An area of Earth distinguished by a distinctive combination of cultural and physical features |
| Map | A two-dimensional model of Earth's surface, or a portion of it |
| Cartography | The science of map-making |
| Scale | The relationship between a map's distances and the actual distances on Earth |
| Projection | The method of transferring locations on Earth's surface to a map |
| Toponym | The name given to a place on Earth (nickname) |
| Site | The physical character of a place |
| Situation | The location of a place relative to other places (Relative Location) |
| Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) | The internationally agreed official time reference for Earth. (Reference time for all points on Earth) |
| International Date Line | The longitude at which one moves forward or backward one day |
| Functional Region | An area organized around a node or focal point. (Nodal region) |
| Vernacular Region | A place that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity. |
| Spatial Association | The distribution of one phenomenon is spatially related to the distribution of another |
| Spatial Analysis | Formal techniques which study entities using their topological, geometric, or geographic properties |
| Spatial Distribution | Physical location of geographic phenomena across space |
| Culture | The body of customary beliefs, material traits and social forms that together constitute the distinct tradition of a group of people. |
| Environmental Determinism | Belief that the physical environment causes social development |
| Possibilism | The belief that while environment can limit certain actions of people, it cannot wholly predestined their development. |
| Density | The frequency with which something occurs in space |
| Arithmetic Density (Population Density) | The total number of people divided by total land area |
| Concentration | The extent of a feature's spread over space |
| Pattern | The geometric arrangement of objects in space |
| Diffusion | The process by which a characteristic spreads across space from one place to another over time |
| Hearth | The place from which an innovation originates |
| Relocation Diffusion | The spread of an idea through physical movement of people from one place to another |
| Hierarchical Diffusion | The spread of an idea from persons of authority or power to other persons or places |
| Contagious Diffusion | The rapid widespread diffusion of a characteristic throughout the population. |
| Crude Birth Rate (CBR) | The total number of of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society |
| Crude Death Rate (CDR) | The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society |
| Distribution | The arrangement of something across Earth's surface |
| Doubling Time | The number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase |
| Physiological Density | The number of people per unit of area or arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture |
| Topography | The art or practice of graphic delineation in detail usually on maps or charts of natural and man-made features of a place or region especially in a way to show their relative positions and elevations |
| Natural Increase Rate (NIR) | The percentage groth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate |
| Total Fertility Rate (TFR) | The average number of childern a women will have throughout her childbearing years |
| Overpopulation | The number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the encironment to support life at a decent standard of living |
| Demography | The scientific study of population characteristics |
| Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) | The total number of deaths in a year among infants under one year old for every 1,000 live births in a society |
| Life Expectancy | The average number of years an individual can be expected to live |
| Industrial Revolution | A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods |
| Medical Revolution | Medical technology invented in Europe and North America that is diffused to the poorer countries of Latin America, Asia, and Africa |
| Demographic Transition Model | A geographic model that divides a country's development into 4 stages based on its population growth patterns |
| Population Pyramid | A bar graph representing the distirbution of population by age and sex |
| Dependency Ratio | The number of people under the age of 15 and over age 64, compared to the number of people active in the labor force |
| Sex ratio | The number of males per 100 females in the population |
| Thomas Malthus Theory | Population grows faster at a geometric or exponential rate and the food supply increases arithmetically or linearly |
| Migration | Form of relocation diffusion involving permanent move to a new location |
| Net Migration | The difference between the level of immigration and the level of emigration |
| Mobility | All types of movement form one location to another |
| Intervening Obstacle | An environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that hinders migration |
| Interregional Migration | Permanent movement from one region of a country to another |
| Intraregional Migration | Permanent movement within one region of a country |
| US Migrants 1980s | Most from LDCs who were pushed out by poor economic conditions (Mexico, China, India, Taiwan, Philippines, Vietnam, South Korea) |
| Push Factor | Factors that induce people to move out of their present location |
| Pull Factor | Factors tha induce people to move into a new location |
| Grid Point (Latitude) | The numbering system used to indicate the location of parallels drawn on a globe and measuring distance north and south of the equator |
| Grid Point (Longitude) | The numbering system used to indicate the location of meridians drawn on a globe and measuring distance east and west of the prime meridian |
| Globalization | Actions or process that involve the entire world and result in making something worldwide in scope |
| Animism | Belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life |
| Apartheid | Laws in South Africa that physically separated different races into different geographic areas |
| Balkanization | Process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities |
| Brain Drain | Large-scale emigration by talented people |
| Centripetal Force | An attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state |
| Colony | A territory that is legally tied to a sovereign state rather than completely independent |
| Compact state | A state in which the distance form the center to any boundary does not vary significantly |
| Counter-urbanization | Net migration from urban to rural areas in more developed countries |
| Custom | The frequent repetition of an act, to the extent that it becomes characteristic of the group of people performing the act |
| Dialect | A regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation |
| Elongated state | A state with a long, narrow shape |
| English Language Branch | West Germanic group of the Germanic branch |
| English Language Family | Indo-European family |
| Ethnic cleansing | Process in which more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region |
| Ethnic Religion | A religion with a relatively concentrated spatial distribution whose principles are likely to be based on physical characteristics of the particular location in which its adherents are concentrated |
| Ethnicity (Ethnic Identity) | Identity with a group of people that share distinct physical and mental traits as a product of common heredity and cultural traditions |
| Folk culture | Culture traditionally practiced by a small, homogeneous, rural group living in relative isolation from other groups |
| Fragmented state | A state that includes several discontinuous pieces of territory |
| Ghetto | During the Middle Ages, a neighborhood in a city set up by law to be inhabited only by Jews; now used to donate a section of a city in which members of an minority group live because of social, legal, or economic pressure |
| Guest Workers Europe | Workers who migrated to the more developed countries of Northern and Western Europe,usually from Southern and Eastern Europe or from North Africa, in search of higher paying jobs which were low skilled and low status |
| Habit | A repetitive act performed by a particular individual |
| Language Branch | A collection of languages related through a common ancestor that existed several thousand years ago |
| Language Family | A collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history |
| Language Group | A collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammer and vocabulary |
| Lingua Franca | A language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages |
| Nation / Nationality | A group of people tied to a particular place through legal and cultural tradition (Example: American nationality identifies citizens of USA) |
| Nation-state | A state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality |
| Nationalism | Loyalty and devotion to a paticular nationality |
| Popular culture | Culture found in a large, heterogeneous society that shares certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics |
| Prorupted State | An otherwise compact state with a large projecting extension |
| Race | Identity with a group of people descended from a common ancestor |
| Racism | Belief that the race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that racial differences produce an inherent superiority of a particular race |
| Graphic Scale | Consists of a bar line marked to show distance on Earth's surface |
| Fractional Scale | Shows the numerical ratio between distances on the map and Earth's surface |
| Globes / Maps | Globes accurately represent Earth whereas maps are two dimensional and cause distortion |
| Ravenstein's Migration Theory | Long distance migrants are male and single rather than families with children seeking work |
| Illegal Immigrants | Those entering the United States without the proper documents |
| Taboo | Restriction on behavior imposed by social custom |
| Centrifugal Force | Religious, political, economic and conflict factors that causes disunity in a state |
| Acculturation | Process of adopting only certain customs that will be to their advantage |
| Unitary State | An internal organization of a state that places most of the power in the hands of the central government |
| State | An area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government with control over its internal and foreign affairs |
| Sovereignty | Ability of a state to govern its territory free from control of its internal affairs by other states |
| Universalizing religion | A religion that attempts to appeal to all people, not just those living in a particular area |
| Sovereign State | A state which administers its own government, and is not dependent upon, or subject to, another power |
| Voluntary migration | Permanent movement undertaken by choice |
| Religion Branch | A large and fundamental division within a religion |
| Religion Denomination | A division of a branch that unites a number of local congregations in a single legal and administrative body |
| Religion Sect | A relatively small group that has broken away from an establised denomination |
| Genocide | Murder of entire ethnic group: the systematic killing of all the people from a national, ethnic, or religious group, or an attempt to do this |
| Distortion | Occurs in either distance or space on a map |
| Arable Land | Land suitable for agriculture |
| Adherents | Muslims (Those who surrenders to God) |
Created by:
Princess301
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