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APUSH Unit 5
Chapters 18-21
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| "Popular sovereignty" was the idea that... | The people of a territory should determine for themselves whether or not to permit slavery |
| In the election of 1848, the response of the Whig and Democratic parties to the rising controversy over slavery was... | To attempt to ignore the issue |
| Quick formation of an effective government in California was essential because of... | The very large and unruly population drawn into the state by the discovery of gold |
| The proposed admission of California directly into the Union was dangerously controversial because... | California's admission as a free state would destroy the equal balance of slave and free states in the Senate |
| The existence of the "Underground Railroad" added to southern demands for... | A stricter federal Fugitive Slave Law |
| Among the notable advocates of compromise in the controversy over slavery in 1850 were... | Henry Clay and Daniel Webster |
| During the debate over the Compromise of 1850, northern antislavery forces were particularly outraged by what they considered the "betrayal" of Senator... | Daniel Webster |
| What were the terms of the Compromise of 1850? | California was admitted to the Union as a free state, and slavery in Utah and New Mexico territories would be left up to popular sovereignty |
| The final battle to gain passage of the Compromise of 1850 was substantially aided by... | The death of President Taylor and the succession of President Fillmore |
| The greatest winner in the Compromise of 1850 was... | The north. |
| One of the primary effects of the Fugitive Slave Law passed as a part of the Compromise of 1850 was... | A sharp rise in northern antislavery feeling |
| The conflict over slavery after the election of 1852 led shortly to... | The death of the Whig party |
| Southerners seeking to expand the territory of slavery undertook filibustering military expeditions to acquire... | Nicaragua and Cuba |
| The primary goal of Commodore Matthew Perry's treaty with Japan in 1854 was... | Opening Japan to American trade |
| Northerners especially resented Douglas's Kansas-Nebraska Act because... | It repealed the Missouri Comrpomise prohibiting slavery in northern territories |
| Hotheaded southern agitators who pushed for southern interests and favored secession from the Union | Fire-Eaters |
| The doctrine that the issue of slavery should be decided by the residents of a territory themselves, not by the federal government | Popular Sovereignty |
| The boundary line between slave and free states in the East, originally the southern border line of Pennsylvania | Mason-Dixon Line |
| The informal network that conducted runaway slaves from the South to Canada | Underground Railroad |
| Senator William Seward's doctrine that slavery should be excluded from the territories as contrary to a divine moral law standing above even the Constitution | Higher Law |
| The provision of the Compromise of 1850 that comforted southern slave-catchers and aroused the wrath of northern abolitionists | Fugitive Slave Law |
| Third-party entry in the election of 1848 that opposed slavery expansion and prepared the way for the Republican Party | Free Soil Party |
| A series of agreements between North and South that temporarily dampened the slavery controversy and led to a short-lived era of national good feelings | Compromise of 1850 |
| Political party that fell apart and disappeared after losing the election of 1852 | Whigs |
| An agreement between Britain and America concerning any future Central American canal | Clayton-Bulner Treaty |
| A top-secret dispatch, drawn up by American diplomats in Europe, that detailed a plan for seizing Cuba from Spain | Ostend Manifesto |
| Southwestern territory acquired by the Pierce administration to facilitate a southern transcontinental railroad | Gadsden Purchase |
| The sectional agreement of 1820, repealed by the Kansas-Nebraska Act | Missouri Compromise |
| The political party that was deeply divided by Douglas's Kansas-Nebraska Act | Democrats |
| A new political party organized as a protest against the Kansas-Nebraska Act | Republicans |
| American naval commander who opened Japan to the West in 1854 | Matthew Perry |
| Democratic presidential candidate in 1848, original proponent of the idea of "popular sovereignty" | Lewis Cass |
| Weak Democratic president whose pro-southern cabinet pushed aggressive expansionist schemes | Franklin Pierce |
| Famous "conductor" on the Underground Railroad who rescued more than 300 slaves from bondage | Harriet Tubman |
| Illinois politician who helped smooth over sectional conflict in 1850 but then reignited it in 1854 | Stephen A. Douglas |
| Central American nation desired by proslavery expansionists in the 1850s | Nicaragua |
| Military hero of the Mexican War who became the Whigs' last presidential candidate in 1852 | Winfield Scott |
| Whig president who nearly destroyed the Compromise of 1850 before he died in office | Zachary Taylor |
| Rich Spanish colony coveted by American proslavery expansionists in the 1850s | Cuba |
| American diplomat who negotiated the Treaty of Wanghia with China in 1844 | Caleb Cushing |
| The ruling warrior dynasty of Japan with whom Matthew Perry negotiated the Treaty of Kanagawa in 1854 | Tokugawa Shogunate |
| New York senator who argued that the expansion of slavery was forbidden by a "higher law" | William Seward |
| Nation whose 1844 treaty with the US opened the door to a flood of American missionaries | China |
| Northern spokesman whose support for the Compromise of 1850 earned him the hatred of abolitionists | Daniel Webster |
| Acquired from Mexico in 1848 and admitted as a free state in 1850 without ever having been a territory | California |
| Cause: The evasion of the slavery issue by Whigs and Democrats in 1848 | Effect: Led to the formation of the new Free Soil antislavery party |
| Cause: The California gold rush | Effect: Made the issue of slavery in the Mexican Cession areas more urgent |
| Cause: The Underground Railroad | Effect: Aroused southern demands for an effective fugitive-slave law |
| Cause: The Free Soil Party | Effect: Aroused active northern resistance to legal enforcement and prompted attempts at nullification in Massachusetts |
| Cause: The Pierce administration's schemes to acquire Cuba | Effect: Fell apart after the leaking of the Ostend Manifesto |
| Cause: The Gadsden Purchase | Effect: Heightened competition between southern and northern railroad promoters over the choice of a transcontinental route |
| Cause: Stephen Douglas's indifference to slavery and desire for a northern railroad route | Effect: Led to the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act, without regard for the consequences |
| Cause: The Kansas-Nebraska Act | Effect: Caused a tremendous northern protest and the birth of the Republican party |
| True or false: Harriet Beecher Stowe's novel Uncle Tom's Cabin greatly weakened northern antislavery feeling. | False. It strengthened it. |
| Hinton R. Helper's novel The Impending Crisis of the South contended that... | Slavery did great harm to the poor whites of the south |
| The conflict over slavery in Kansas was greatly escalated by... | Abolitionist-funded settlers and proslavery "border ruffians" from Missouri |
| As presented to Congress, the Lecompton Constitution provided for... | The admission of Kansas as a slave state |
| The fanatical abolitionist John Brown made his first entry into violent antislavery politics by... | Killing 5 proslavery settlers at Pottawatomie Creek, Kansas |
| The Sumner-Brooks affair revealed... | That violent disagreements about slavery were being felt in the halls of Congress |
| The election of 1856 was most noteworthy for... | The dramatic rise of the Republican party |
| In the Dred Scott decision, the Supreme Court ruled that... | Congress couldn't prevent slavery in the territories because slaves were private property |
| The panic of 1857 encouraged the South to believe that... | Its economy was fundamentally stronger than that of the North |
| A key issue in the Lincoln-Douglas debates was... | Whether the people of a territory could prohibit slavery in light of the Dred Scott decision |
| Southerners were particularly enraged by the John Brown affair because... | They believed Brown's violent abolitionist sentiments were shared by the whole North |
| In the campaign of 1860, the Democratic Party... | Split in two, with each faction nominating its own presidential candidate |
| During the campaign of 1860, Abraham Lincoln and the Republican Party... | Opposed the expansion of slavery but made no statements threatening to abolish slavery in the South |
| What had happened in the South within two months of Lincoln's election? | 7 southern states had seceded and formed the Confederate States of America |
| Lincoln rejected the proposed Crittenden Compromise because... | It permitted the further extension north of the line of 36 30' |
| A powerful, personal novel that altered the course of American politics | Uncle Tom's Cabin |
| A book by a southern writer that argued that slavery especially oppressed poor whites | The Impending Crisis of the South |
| Rifles paid for by New England abolitionists and brought to Kansas by anti-slavery pioneers | Beecher's Bibles |
| Term that described the prairie territory where a small-scale civil war erupted in 1856 | "Bleeding Kansas" |
| Tricky proslavery document designed to bring Kansas into the Union but blocked by Stephen A. Douglas | Lecompton Constitution |
| Anti-immigrant party headed by former President Fillmore that competed with Republicans and Democrats in the election of 1856 | Know-Nothing Party |
| Controversial Supreme Court ruling that blacks had no civil or human rights and that that Congress could not prohibit slavery in the territories | Dred Scott |
| Sharp economic decline that increased northern demands for a high tariff and convinced southerners that the North was economically vulnerable | Panic of 1857 |
| Thoughtful political discussions during an Illinois Senate campaign that sharply defined national issues concerning slavery | Lincoln-Douglas Debates |
| Newly formed middle-of-the-road party of elderly politicians that sought compromise in 1860, but carried only 3 border states | Constitutional Union Party |
| First state to secede from the Union in December 1860 | South Carolina |
| A new nation that proclaimed its independence in Montgomery, Alabama, in 1861 | Confederate States of America |
| A last-ditch plan to save the Union by providing guarantees for slavery in the territories | Crittenden Compromise |
| Four-way race for the presidency that resulted in the election of a sectional minority president | Election of 1860 |
| Period between Lincoln's election and his inauguration, during which the ineffectual President Buchanan remained in office | "Lame Duck" Period |
| Southern congressman whose bloody attack on a northern senator fueled sectional hatred | Preston Brooks |
| Leading northern Democrat whose presidential hopes fell victim to the conflict over slavery | Stephen A. Douglas |
| Black slave whose unsuccessful attempt to win his freedom deepened the sectional controversy | Dred Scott |
| Former United States senator who in 1861 became the president of what called itself a new nation | Jefferson Davis |
| "The little woman who wrote the book that made this great war" (the Civil War) | Harriet Beecher Stowe |
| Fanatical and bloody-minded abolitionist martyr admired in the North and hated in the South | John Brown |
| Southern-born author whose book attacking slavery's effects on whites aroused northern opinion | Hinton R. Helper |
| Scene of militant abolitionist John Brown's massacre of proslavery men in 1856 | Pottawatomie Creek, Kansas |
| Site where seven seceding states united to declare their independence from the United States | Montgomery, Alabama |
| Romantic western hero and the first Republican candidate for president | John C. Fremont |
| Abolitionist senator whose verbal attack on the South provoked a physical assault that severely injured him | Charles Sumner |
| Site of a federal arsenal where a militant abolitionist attempted to start a slave rebellion | Harpers Ferry, Virginia |
| Buchanan's VP, nominated for president by breakaway southern Democrats in 1860 | John C. Breckenridge |
| Weak Democratic president whose manipulation by proslavery forces divided his own party | James Buchanan |
| Abolitionist group that sent settlers and "Beecher's Bibles" to oppose slavery in Kansas | New England Emigrant Aid Company |
| Cause: Uncle Tom's Cabin | Effect: Persuaded millions of northerners and Europeans that slavery was evil and should be eliminated |
| Cause: The exercise of popular sovereignty in Kansas | Effect: Led to a "mini" prairie civil war between proslavery and antislavery factions |
| Cause: Buchanan's support for the pro-slavery Lecompton Constitution | Effect: Offended Senator Douglas and divided the Democratic party |
| Cause: The Dred Scott case | Effect: Infuriated Republicans and made them determined to defy the Supreme Court |
| Cause: The 1858 Illinois senate race | Effect: Made Lincoln a leading national Republican figure and hurt Douglas's presidential chances |
| Cause: John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry | Effect: Convinced southerners that the North generally supported murder and slave rebellion |
| Cause: The splitting of the Democratic party in 1860 | Effect: Shattered one of the last links between the sections and almost guaranteed Lincoln's victory in 1860 |
| Cause: The election of Lincoln as president | Effect: Moved South Carolina to declare immediate secession from the Union |
| Cause: The "lame duck" period and Buchanan's indecisiveness | Effect: Paralyzed the North while southern secessionist movement gained movement |
| Cause: Lincoln's rejection of the Crittenden Compromise | Effect: Ended the last hopes of a peaceable sectional settlement and an end to secession |
| Lincoln's plan for the besieged federal forces in Fort Sumter was... | To provision the garrison but not to reinforce it |
| The firing on Fort Sumter had the effect of... | Arousing Northern support for a war to put down the South's "rebellion" |
| Among the states that joined the Confederacy only after Lincoln's call for troops were... | Virginia, Arkansas, and Tennessee |
| Lincoln at first declared that the war was being fought for what reason? | Only to save the Union and not to free the slaves |
| True or false: Oklahoma was considered a border state. | False |
| The term "Butternut region" refers to... | The areas of southern Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois that opposed an antislavery war |
| In the Indian Territory (Oklahoma), most of the "Five Civilized Tribes" supported what side of the war? | Confederacy |
| Among the potential advantages the Confederacy possessed at the beginning of the Civil War was... | Better-trained officers and soldiers |
| Among the potential advantages the Union possessed at the beginning of the Civil War was... | A continuing influx of immigrant manpower from Europe |
| The response to the Civil War in Europe was... | Support for the South among the upper classes and for the North among the working classes |
| The South's weapon of "King Cotton" failed to draw Britain into the war on the side of the Confederacy because... | The British found sufficient cotton from previous stockpiles and from other sources like Egypt and India |
| The success of the Confederate raider Alabama highlighted the issue of... | Britain's un-neutral policy of allowing Confederate ships to be built in its naval yards |
| Lincoln argued that his assertion of executive power and suspension of certain civil liberties was justified because... | It was necessary to set aside small provisions of the Constitution in order to save the Union |
| Many of the new millionaires who emerged in the North during the Civil War made their fortunes by... | Providing poorly made "shoddy" goods to the Union armies |
| Women made particular advances during the Civil War by... | Entering industrial employment and providing medical aid for soldiers on both sides |
| Four border states where secession failed but slavery still survived | Maryland, Kentucky, Missouri, Delaware |
| The effective Northern effort to strangle the Southern economy and de-throne "King Cotton" | Blockade |
| A ship from which two Confederate diplomats were removed, creating a major crisis between London and Washington | Trent |
| Vessel built in Britain that wreaked havoc on Northern shipping until it was finally sunk in 1864 | Alabama |
| Ironclad warships that were kept out of Confederate hands by Minister Adams's stern protests to the British government | Laird rams |
| Provision established by Congress in 1863, after volunteers ran out, that provoked violent protests in Northern cities | Draft |
| Slippery Northern men who collected fees for enlisting in the Union army and then deserted | "Bounty jumpers" |
| Medical occupation that gained new status and employment opportunities because of women's Civil War service | Nurse |
| Financial arrangement set up by the federal government to sell government bonds and stabilize the currency | National Banking System |
| Scornful term for Northern manufacturers who made quick fortunes out of selling cheaply made shoes and other inadequate goods to the US Army | "Shoddy millionaires" |
| Civil liberty that was suspended by Lincoln in defiance of the Constitution and the Supreme Court's chief justice | Writ of habeas corpus |
| Organization developed to provide medical supplies and assistance to Union armies in the field | United States Sanitary Commission |
| American envoy whose shrewd diplomacy helped keep Britain neutral during the Civil War | Charles Francis Adams |
| An Old World aristocrat, manipulated as a puppet in Mexico, who was shot when his puppet-master deserted him | Maximilian |
| An inexperienced leader in war but a genius at inspiring and directing his nation's cause | Abraham Lincoln |
| Leader whose conflict with states' rights advocates and rigid personality harmed his ability to mobilize and direct his nation's war effort | Jefferson Davis |
| Nation whose upper classes hoped for a Confederate victory, while its working classes sympathized with the antislavery North | Britain |
| Slippery French dictator who ignored the Monroe Doctrine by intervening in Mexican politics | Napoleon III |
| Site of cross-border raids and plots by Southern agents and anti-British Americans during the Civil War | Canada |
| Helped transform nursing into a respected profession during the Civil War | Clara Barton |
| Scene of the largest Northern antidraft riot in 1863 | New York City |
| First woman physician, organizer of the United States Sanitary Commission | Elizabeth Blackwell |
| Cause: South Carolina's assault on Fort Sumter | Effect: United the North and made it determined to preserve the Union by military force |
| Cause: Lincoln's first call for troops to suppress the "rebellion" | Effect: Caused 4 more Upper South states to secede and join the Confederacy |
| Cause: Lincoln's careful use of moral suasion, politics, and military force | Effect: Kept the Border States in the Union |
| Cause: The large Northern human-resources advantage | Effect: Enabled Northern generals to wear down Southern armies, even at the cost of many lives |
| Cause: The North's naval blockade and industrial superiority | Effect: Eventually gave the Union a crucial economic advantage over the mostly agricultural South |
| Cause: The British aristocracy's sympathy with the South | Effect: Led the British government toward actions that aided the Confederacy and angered the Union |
| Cause: American minister C.F. Adams's diplomacy | Effect: Deterred the British and French from recognizing and aiding the Confederacy |
| Cause: Grant's victory at Vicksburg | Effect: Split the South in two and opened the way for Sherman's invasion of Georgia |
| Cause: The class-biased unfairness of the Civil War draft | Effect: Led to riots by underprivileged Northern whites, especially Irish Americans |
| Cause: Lincoln's belief that the Civil War emergency required drastic action | Effect: Led to temporary infringements on civil liberties and Congress's constitutional powers |
| One effect of the first Battle of Bull Run was... | To increase the South's already dangerous overconfidence |
| The primary weakness of General George McClellan as a military commander was... | His excessive caution and reluctance to use his troops in battle |
| After the unsuccessful Peninsula Campaign, Lincoln and the Union turned to... | A new strategy based on "total war" against the Confederacy |
| The Union blockade of Confederate ports was... | Initially leaky but eventually effective |
| Antietam was one of the crucial battles of the Civil War because... | It was the last chance for the Confederates to win a major battle |
| Officially, the Emancipation Proclamation freed only... | Slaves under control of the rebellious Confederate States |
| The political effects of the Emancipation Proclamation were... | To strengthen the North's moral cause but weaken the Lincoln administration in the Border States and parts of the North |
| The thousands of black soldiers in the Union Army... | Added a powerful new weapon to the antislavery dimension of the Union cause |
| Lee's goals in invading the North in the summer of 1863 were... | To deflect attention from "Stonewall" Jackson's movements against Washington |
| Grant's capture of Vicksburg was especially important because... | It quelled Northern peace agitation and cut off the Confederate trade route across the Mississippi |
| The "Copperheads" were... | Democrats who backed the Union but opposed a war against slavery |
| Andrew Johnson, Lincoln's VP running mate in 1864, was what party? | A War Democrat |
| Lincoln's election victory in 1864 was sealed by Union military successes at... | Mobile, Atlanta, and the Shenandoah Valley |
| Sherman's march "from Atlanta to the sea" was especially notable for... | Its brutal use of "total war" tactics of destruction and pillaging against Southern civilian populations |
| As the Democratic party nominee in 1864, General George McClellan... | Repudiated the Copperhead platform that called for a negotiated settlement with the Confederacy |
| First major battle of the Civil War, in which untrained Northern troops and civilian picnickers fled back to Washington | Battle of Bull Run |
| McClellan's disastrously unsuccessful attempt to end the war quickly by a back-door conquest of Richmond | Peninsula Campaign |
| Key battle of 1862 that forestalled European intervention to aid the Confederacy and led to the Emancipation Proclamation | Battle of Antietam |
| Document that proclaimed a war against slavery and guaranteed a fight to the finish | Emancipation Proclamation |
| General US Grant's nickname, taken from his military demand to the enemy at Fort Donelson and elsewhere | "Unconditional Surrender" |
| Crucial Confederate fortress on the Mississippi whose fall to Grant in 1863 cut the South in two | Vicksburg |
| Pennsylvania battle that ended Lee's last hopes of achieving victory through an invasion of the North | Gettysburg |
| Mississippi site where black soldiers were massacred after their surrender | Fort Pillow |
| Northern Democrats who opposed the Civil War and sympathized with the South | Copperheads |
| Edward Everett Hale's story of treason and banishment, inspired by the wartime banishing of Copperhead Clement Vallandigham | The Man Without a Country |
| Georgia city captured and burned by Sherman just before the election of 1864 | Atlanta |
| The temporary 1864 coalition of Republicans and War Democrats that backed Lincoln's re-election | Union Party |
| Washington site where Lincoln was assassinated by Booth on April 14, 1865 | Ford's Theater |
| Virginia site where Lee surrendered to Grant in April 1865 | Appomattox Courthouse |
| Romantic name given to the Southern fight for independence, indicating nobility despite defeat | "The Lost Cause" |
| Daring Southern commander killed at the Battle of Chancellorsville | "Stonewall" Jackson |
| Southern officer whose failed charge at Gettysburg marked "the high water mark of the Confederacy" | George Pickett |
| Ruthless Northern general who waged a march through Georgia | William T. Sherman |
| Fortress whose capture split the Confederacy in two | Vicksburg |
| Site where Lee's last major invasion of the North was turned back | Gettysburg |
| Gentlemanly top commander of the Confederate army | Robert E. Lee |
| Site of one of Grant's bloody battles with the Confederates near Richmond in 1864 | The Wilderness |
| Crucial battle in Maryland that staved off European recognition of the Confederacy | Antietam |
| Ambitious secretary of the treasury who wanted to replace Lincoln as president in 1864 | Salmon P. Chase |
| Fanatical actor whose act of violence actually harmed the South | John Wilkes Booth |
| Union commander who first made his mark with victories in the West | Ulysses S. Grant |
| Southern War Democrat who ran as Lincoln's "Union party" VP candidate in 1864 | Andrew Johnson |
| Notorious Copperhead, convicted of treason, who ran for governor of Ohio while exiled to Canada | Clement Vallandigham |
| Union general who repudiated his party's Copperhead platform and polled 45% of the popular vote in 1864 | George McClellan |
| Site of Union defeat in very early battle of the war | Bull Run |
| Cause: Political dissent by Copperheads and jealous Republicans | Effect: Made it difficult for Lincoln to prosecute the war effectively |
| Cause: A series of Union military victories in late 1864 | Effect: Ensured Lincoln's reelection and ended the South's last hope of achieving independence by political means |
| Cause: The assassination of Lincoln | Effect: Deprived the nation of experienced leadership during Reconstruction |
| Cause: Grant's Tennessee and Mississippi River campaigns | Effect: Split the South in two and opened the way for Sherman's invasion of Georgia |
| Cause: The Battle of Bull Run | Effect: Led some southerners to believe they would win an easy victory |
| Cause: The Battle of Antietam | Effect: Enabled Lincoln to issue the Emancipation Proclamation and blocked British and French intervention |
| Cause: The Battle of Gettysburg | Effect: Ended the South's effort to win the war by aggressive invasion |
| Cause: Grant's final brutal campaign in Virginia | Effect: Forced Lee to surrender at Appomattox |
| Cause: The Emancipation Proclamation | Effect: Guaranteed that the South would fight to the end to try to save slavery |
| Cause: The growing Union manpower shortage in 1863 | Effect: Helped lead to the enlistment of black fighting men in the Union Army |
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