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APHUG Study Guide
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Literary Tradition | -A system of written communication. -Hundreds of languages lack this so it is hard to document distribution of many languages. |
| Dialect | -A regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation. -Happens when speakers of a language migrate to other locations. -English has a large number of this |
| Language Tree Components | Big To Small: Language Families: Indo-European Language Branches: German Language Groups: West-Germanic Language: English Dialects: Northeastern (Region) Accents: Boston (In City or state) |
| Lingua Franca | -Language of international communication Ex: English |
| Isogloss | -A boundary that separates regions in which different language usages predominate -Determined by collecting data directly from people, particularly natives of rural areas. -People are shown pictures or sentences to complete with a particular word. |
| Religious Branch | Large and fundamental division within a religion |
| Denomination | -Division of a branch that unites a number of local congregations in a single legal and administrative body |
| Sect | -Relatively small group that has broken away from an established denomination |
| Ethnic Religions | -Appeals to one group of people living in one place. -Unknown Source -High clustered followers -Holiday based on climate and agricultural practice -Content focused on place and landscape of origin |
| Universalizing Religions | -Attempts to be global, to appeal to all people, whether they may live in the world, not just to those of one culture or location. -Individual Founder -Holiday based on events in founder's life |
| Hierarchical Religion | -A religion in which a central authority exercises a high degree of control -Has well defined geographic structure and organizes territory into local administrative units. Ex: Roman Catholicism |
| Nationalism | -Politicians and governments trying to instill loyalty through this -Promotes a sense f national consciousness that exalts one nation above all others and emphasizes it culture and interests |
| White Flight | -1950's and 1960's: Segregation laws were eliminated, so black and white schools had to integrate. White's fled. -Ex: Detroit. 1 million white's fled, and Black's continue to increase. -White Flight was encouraged by blockbusting. |
| Apartheid | -The physical separation of different races into different geographic areas. -South Africa apartheid laws were repealed in 1990s. -These laws determined where races lived, worked, etc. |
| Cultural Diversity | LOOK AT NOTES IN BINDER |
| Nation | -Tightly knit group of people who share a common culture. - |
| State | Self governing political entity. -An area organized into a political unit and rules by and established government with control over its internal and foreign affairs. |
| Sovereignty | State has rights to govern itself. -Ability of a state to govern its territory free from control of its internal affairs by other states. |
| Antarctica | -Claimed by: Argentina Australia Chile France New Zealand Norway United Kingdom -It's the only large landmass in the world that is not part of a sovereign state -50% larger than Canada |
| Elongated | -A state with a long, narrow shape. -Suffers from poor internal communications. -Region located from the end might be isolated from the capital. |
| Perforated | -A state that completely surrounds another one. -They must have good communication and relation to be able to export and import and other things. |
| Compact | A state in which the distance from the center to any boundary does not vary significantly. Beneficial characteristic for smaller states, because it's easier to reach other regions of the state. |
| Porupted | -An otherwise compact state with a large projecting extension. -Created to provide a state access to a resource. -To separate two states that would otherwise share a boundary. |
| Fragmented | -Includes several discontinuous pieces of territory. -2 kinds: Fragmented states separated by water -Fragmented states separated by an intervening obstacle. |
| Frontier | A zone separating two states in which neither state exercises political control |
| Gerrymandering | Process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power |
| Colonialism | -Attempt by one's country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory. |
| What qualifies as a "State"? | -Recognized boundaries -Permanent population -Economic activity: Issues trade and money -Social Engineering: Education -Transportation System -Government -External Recognition |
| NIR Density Map | -The percentage growth in a year, computed as the CBR-CDR. -2+%: Mostly Africa, Middle East, Pakistan, Central America -Below 0%: Russia, Eastern European States |
| CBR Density Map | -The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society. -35+: Central Africa, East Africa -Below 10: Russia, Europe, China, Australia, Big States in South America, USA, Canada |
| CDR Density Map | -The total number of deaths in a year of every 1,000 people alive in the society. -4.0+: 3/4 of Africa (Not the top, not the bottom) -Below 2.0: Russia and Europe, China, Canada, Chile |
| TFR Density Map | The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years. |
| Large Scale Maps | See more descriptive places Focus' on a small piece of land |
| Small Scale Maps | You can't really see much detail Focus' on a large piece of land |
| Site | -Physical and Human characteristics of a place Ex: My house |
| Situation | -Relative location Ex: My house' location based on other places like OHS |
| Formal Region | -Uniform -Homogeneous, everyone shares one or more distinct characteristic Ex: Montana |
| Functional Region | -Nodal -Begins at core and moves outwards Ex: Sports teams Allegiance |
| Vernacular Region | -Perceptual/Cultural -A place that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity, Geographers refer to culture here Ex: American South |
| Contagious Diffusion | -Apart of Expansion Diffusion -Rapid widespread diffusion of a characteristic throughout a population. -Wave like |
| Expansion Diffusion | -Spread of feature from one place to another in snowballing process -3 types |
| Hierarchical Diffusion | -Apart of Expansion Diffusion -Spread of an idea from persons or nodes of authority or power to other persons of pleas. Ideas leapfrog bypassing some. |
| Relocation Diffusion | -Spread of an idea through physical movement of people from one place to another. Occurs when immigrants carry new ideas or practices with them. |
| Stimulus Diffusion | -Apart of Expansion Diffusion -Spread of an underlying principle, even through a characteristic itself apparently falls to diffuse. -Specific trait rejected, idea accepted Ex: Mcdonalds in Asia, they serve rice |
| Dependency Ratio | -The number of people under the age of 15 and over 64 compared to the number of people active in labor force. -The larger the percentage of dependents (<15, >64), the greater the financial burden to those who are working. 1:2 is good. |
| Thomas Malthus | -English Economist -Population increased geometrically, food supply increased arithmetically |
| Neo-Malthusians | -Thought Malthus failed to consider LDC's and that they have a more rapid population growths. So, the gap between population growth and resources would be bigger. -Population isn't just outstripping food, but other productions. -Wars and violence will i |
| Doubling Time | The number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increases. |
| Migration | Form of relocation diffusion involving a permanent move to a new location |
| Mobility | All types of movement from one location to another. Short term, repetitive movements on a daily basis. |
| Net Immigration | NET MIGRATION: The difference between the level of immigration and the level of emigration. -Occurs when immigrants exceed emigrants, net migration is positive. The region has a net in-migration. IN OTHER WORDS: out - in = Net migration. |
| Refugees Migration | -They migrate mostly for economic reasons. -Cultural and environmental also induce migration, but not as much. |
| Intervening Obstacles | Environmental or cultural feature that hinders migration. |
| Current Intraregional Migration | MDC (meaning USA): Cities to suburbs LDC: Rural to urban |
| Suburbanization | -Movement of people to homes near suburbs -Not because of employment -Suburbs are pulled by a suburban lifestyle: It offers detached houses Schools are more modern, safer, and better equipped. -Automobiles and trains |
| Counter Urbanization | Net migration from urban to rural areas in more developed countries. |
| Custom | A repetitive act of a group, performed to the extent that it becomes the characteristic of the group |
| Habit | A repetitive act that a particular individual performs. |
| Folk Culture | Traditionally practiced primarily by small, homogeneous people living in isolated rural areas. |
| Pop Culture | Found in large, heterogeneous societies that share certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics. |
| Diff. In Both Culture's Music | F: Tells a story or conveys info. about daily activities: cycle events natural disasters. Created 2697 BC. Made anonymously and transmitted orally. Modified as time changes P: Written by individuals to be sold to large # of people. Created around 1900' |
| Example of Contagious | Jeans |
| Example of Hierarchical | ... |
| Example of Relocation | ... |
| Example of Stimulus | Clothing |
| Taboo | A restriction on behavior imposed by social custom. |
| Uniform Landscape | -The distribution of popular culture around the world tends to produce more uniform landscape. Ex: Fast food restaurants -It has diffused from North America to other parts of the world. |
| Shape Effects on Communication | -Shape influences the ease or difficulty of internal administration and can affect social unity. |
| The Law of The Sea | -Signed by 158 countries -Standardized territorial limits for most countries at 12 nautical miles, 14 land miles. -States have exclusive rights to fish and other marine life within 200 miles. -Disputes taken to Tribunal or International Court of Justi |
| Cultural Boundaries | Follow distribution of cultural characteristics 3 types: Geometric: Straight line Religious: Separate speakers of different languages or followers of religions, not used usually. Language: Language is important part for drawing boundaries |
| Arithmetic Density | Number of objects in area |
| Physiological Density | Number of people per unit of area suitable for agriculture People: Arable Land |
| Agricultural Density | Number of Farmers per unit of area suitable for farmland Farmers: Arable land |
| Malthus' Critics | -Malthus thinks that the world's supply of resources is fixed. -More population, more ideas on how to fix this. |
| Emigration | Migration from a location. |
| Immigration | Migration to a new location. |
| IMR | -annual number of deaths of infants under 1 year of age to total live births. Usually expressed as the number of deaths per 1,000 births, than percentage. -60+: Middle Africa, Pakistan, Southeast Asia -Below 6: Canada, Europe, Australia, Japan, Korea |
Created by:
mmartin50
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