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stress & adaptation
chapter 42
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| stress | results from changes in the environment that is perceived as a threat. can be positive or negative |
| stressor | anything perceived to be threatening |
| strsss affects__________ | physical, emotional, intellecutal, social, spiritual aspect of pt |
| physiologic homeostasis | goal is to keep the body is balance |
| adaptation | changes that occur due to respose to the stressor |
| stages of general adaptation syndrome | alarm reaction, resistance, exhaustion |
| alarm reaction stage of GAS | shock phase. may last 1 minute to several hours. fight or flight response occurs |
| fight or flight response | increase heart rate, increase blood pressure, increase peripheral vasoconstriciton, increase metabolism, increase water retention, increase mental alertness. |
| resistance stage of GAS | body stabilizes and regains homeostasis or adative mechanisms fail. |
| exhaustion stage of GAS | body either rests and mobilizes its defenses to return to normal or dies. |
| psychological homeostasis | these needs must be met: love& belonging, safety & security, self-esteem |
| emotional response to stress | depression, anger, anxiety |
| levels of anxiety | mild, moderate, severe, panic |
| positive level of anxiety | mild |
| anxiety | vague,uneasy feeling of discomfort or dread. source in non-specific |
| coping mechanisms used to decress stress | crying, laughing, sleeping, exercis, drinking, smoking, eating, lack of eye contact, withdrawal |
| task oriented reaction to stress | conscious decision to decrease stress |
| types of task oriented reaction to stress | attack behavior, withdrawl, compromise behavior |
| attack behavior | problem solving (positive)/ agression (negative) |
| withdrawal behavior | withdrawing from stress, "giving up" |
| compromise behavior | finding a positive reason for stress |
| defense mechaninsms used with stress | compenstaion, denial, displacement, projection, rationalization, regression, |
| effects of long term stress | increses risk for disease, affects physical status |
| family stressors | changes in family structure/roles, loss of control, concern for future financial stabilty |
| factors affecting stress and adaptation | source of stress, types of stress personal factors |
| sources of stress | developmental and situational |
| developmental stress | occurs as one progessess through stages of growth and development. maybe positive or negative |
| situational stress | does not occur in predictable patterns. maybe positive or negative |
| types of stressors | physiologic and psychosocial |
| physiologic stressor | infectious agents, nutritional deficiencies, immune disorders |
| psychosocial stressors | real and perceived threats |
| healthy ADL's to cope with stress | exercise, rest/sleep, proper nutrition, use of support systems, use of stress management techniques |
| stress management techniques | relaxation, meditation, anticipatory guidance, music therapy |
| how to evaluate interventions | pt verbalizes what causes stress, pt verbalizes decrease in stress |
| example of manifestations of long term stress | cardiovascular disease, cancer, GI diorders |
| coping mechanisms are used to________ | protect the ego |
| raationalization | justfiying when things do not go as expected |
| denial | when a pt does not view behavior/choices as affecting their health or a situation |
| crisis | when in crisis mode pt in unable to learn or to hear/understand all of what the nurse is saying. short,direct statements are made to the pt. |
Created by:
N119
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