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Buddhist terms 1-50
Buddhism terms
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Abhidamma Pitaka | One of 3 ‘baskets’ of the Tripitaka (Theravada) related to philosophy; includes higher teachings or philosophy. |
| Alara | One of the two high-caste Brahmins under whom Siddartha Gautama studied prior to his enlightenment. |
| Amitabha | ’Unlimited Light.’ A celestial Buddha ruling over Sukhavati, a Buddha-field to the west, the basis for the Pure Land schools in East Asia. His Chinese name is A-mi-t’o; his Japanese name, Amida (Buddha). |
| arhat | One deserving (of reverence), worthy; attained nirvana, destroyed the asravas, & no destined rebirth. Mainstream schools=applied to the Buddha & to highest level of his noble disciples (sravaka); Mahayana schools=applied to highest level of sravakas. |
| Asanga | Buddhist founder of the Yogacara school of Buddhism. |
| Bodhi tree | Literally ‘awakening,’ now ‘enlightenment.’ Applied to existing trees, (i.e. Sacred Fig) growing at Mahabodhi Temple in Bodh Gaya (India), which is a direct descendant planted in 288 BC from the original specimen that Gautama became enlightened under. |
| Bodhisattvas | Enlightened beings; who refused liberation from the wheel of samsara, postponing their own salvation, and out of compassion, returned to assist all sentient beings towards perfect enlightenment. |
| Dalai Lama | Literally, ’Ocean Teacher,’ (Ocean of Wisdom); currently the fourteenth (Tenzin Gyatso) was exiled by the Chinese in 1950; seeks to preserve Tibetan culture and Tibetan Buddhism. |
| Dharma-kaya | One of the bodies of Buddha in Mahayana referring to the essence of Buddha and the innate reality of Buddhahood. (see Trikaya) |
| Diamond Sutra | A famous Mahayana sutra written between 300-700 CE which, like the Heart Sutra, is a condensed version of the famous Perfection of Wisdom Sutras. (See Prajnaparamita Sutras) |
| dukkha | Concept of suffering or ‘unsatisfactoriness,’ which explains the fundamental aspect of the human condition; and the crux of the Buddha’s teachings. |
| First Council | Meeting in 483 BCE by Buddha’s disciples, which helped promulgate Buddhist doctrines. |
| Five Precepts | See Ten Precepts (the first 5); used as ‘prescription’ for treating the human condition, and an antidote to the 3 poisons: greed, aversion and hatred, and ignorance or delusion. |
| Four Noble Truths | The Buddha’s core teaching of 1) Dukkha-disease or suffering, 2) Samudaya-the arising or origin of dukkha, 3) Nirodha-the cessation of dukkha, and 4) Magga-the way leading to the cessation of dukkha. |
| Hinayana | Literally, ‘little vehicle.’ A pejorative term used by Mahayana (great vehicle) Buddhists to describe ancient Buddhism, which, in their view, was not privy to the full knowledge of the Buddha’s revelations. (See Theravada) |
| Kami | Spirit; charismatic force, object, or being. |
| koan | A story, dialogue, question, or statement, used in Zen-practice to provoke the "great doubt", and test a student's progress in Zen practice. |
| Luang Phor Tuad | 1582~1682 CE, Revered Buddhist monk; said he performed miracles; kept Sri Lanka from taking over Thailand by arranging 84,000 words of a sutra in front of their Kings; amulets are priceless & said to keep from accidents, danger, black magic, and demons. |
| Madhyamika school | First major school of thought within Mahayana; ‘Middle Way’ school; formed in 2nd century by Nagarjuna; includes famous Buddhist texts such as Diamond Sutra. |
| Mahayana Buddhism | Literally, ‘great vehicle,’ referring to the largest division of Buddhism which strives to become an enlightened being rather than a monk. |
| Maitreyanatha | First traditional expounder of Yogacara. |
| Mantra | ’Instrument;’ short verse or collection of syllables used to evoke a deity, gain protection against evil or adverse forces, or as a meditation object, especially—but not exclusively—in Tantra. |
| Mara | the demon-god who tempted Buddha as he sat under the Bodhi tree prior to his enlightenment; aka Buddhist deity in the sense-realm who uses sensuality to prevent people from gaining enlightenment. |
| Middle Path | AKA the fourth Noble Truth; avoids the two extremes of indulgence in sensual pleasures and self-mortification; grouped in three aspects of Buddhist practice: Ethical Conduct (Sila); Mental Discipline (Samadhi); Wisdom (Panna or Prajna). |
| Nagarjuna | The first great teacher after Siddartha Gautama; aka the second Buddha. |
| Nirvana | Eightfold process of discipline: 1) right understanding, 2) right thought, 3) right speech, 4) right action, 5) right livelihood, 6) right effort, 7) right mindfulness, & 8) right concentration; involves self-extinguishing & release from wheel of samsara. |
| Noble Eightfold Path | Values introduced by the Buddha; 1) right understanding, 2) right intention, 3) right speech, 4) right action, 5) right livelihood, 6) right effort, 7) right mindfulness, and 8) right concentration. |
| Pali canon | Title of the sacred text collection of the Theravada school of Buddhism. (See Tripitaka) |
| Prajnaparamita Sutras | Term for a collection of Mahayana texts known as the ‘perfection of wisdom’ sutras dated around 100 BCE and later condensed in such influential texts as the Diamond Sutra and the Heart Sutra. |
| Pratitya-samutpada | Buddha’s theory of causality; AKA ‘dependent arising,’ refers to chain of dependent links to describe process that something is given apparent existence, which is causally conditioned & there's no 1st cause. Doctrine often shown with 12 links (nidanas). |
| prayer wheel | A cylinder containing sacred prayer texts, which are believed to be activated when the cylinder is spun by the worshiper; prayer flags are similar. |
| Pure Land Buddhism | Mahayana conception of a ‘Buddha-land’ where a transcendent bodhisattva resides. It has no ultimate reality or existence. |
| relic | A part of the body of a saint or a venerated person, or else another type of ancient religious object, carefully preserved for purposes of veneration or as a touchable or tangible memorial. |
| Sangha | Community: two levels of meaning: 1) ideal (arya) level=all of Buddha’s followers, lay or ordained, who have at least attained the level of srotapanna; 2) conventional level=Orders of Bhiksus & Bhiksunis. Buddha’s 5 friends called him hypocrite after eati |
| Second Council | Influential Buddhist council 100 years after Budda’s death to reform monastic practice which revealed important early divisions between laity and monks. |
| Siddartha Gautama | AKA The Buddha; lived during the 6th century; known at the Enlightened One; taught the Middle Way; and various Precepts. |
| skhandas | All factors identified as one’s ‘self’ are impermanent, causally produced aggregations. The 5 skhandas are 1) form (the body or physical), 2) feeling, 3) perception, mental label, 4) thought formations, and 5) sensory consciousness; results in rebirths. |
| spirit houses | Shrines to protective spirits primarily in Southeast Asia. Houses/businesses usually place miniature houses/temples on a stage on corners of property; chosen after talking with priests. Shelters spirits; causes problems if not appeased; form of animism. |
| Stupa | Memorial shrine or reliquary, especially to a deceased Buddha or arhat. |
| Sukhavati | Literally, ‘the Land of Bliss,’ the pure land presided over by the Buddha Amitabha. AKA the western paradise. |
| Sutras | Group of authoritative texts in Hinduism & Buddhism; often including aphorisms. |
| Sutta Pitaka | One of the 3 ‘baskets’ of the Tripitaka (Theravada) related to doctrine; includes the oldest dialogues or teachings given by the Buddha. |
| tantra | Literally, ‘continuum,’...its most general sense means a manual or handbook. In Buddhism it refers to a text that contains esoteric teachings, often ascribed to the Buddha. These texts provide techniques for gaining siddhis, both mundane and supramundane. |
| Ten Precepts | Refrain from: 1)harming living beings, 2)stealing, 3)sexual misconduct, 4)false speech, 5)intoxicating drinks/drugs, 6)untimely meals, 7)dancing, music, singing, & grotesque mime, 8)use of perfumes, & personal adornment, & 9)high seats & 10)gold/silver |
| Theravada Buddhism | Literally, ‘the Elders,’ referring to the more ancient, monastic expression of Buddhism. (See Hinayana) |
| Thich Nhat Hanh | Vietnamese monk who led the Buddhist Peace Delegation during the Vietnam War and has preached the Buddhist virtue of ‘mindfulness’ in the West. |
| Tripitaka | Three ‘baskets’ or divisions in the Pali canon of Buddhism: Vinaya, Sutta, & Abhidhamma. (See Pali canon) |
| Vinaya Pitaka | One of 3 ‘baskets’ of the Tripitaka (Theravada) related to discipline; includes discipline or rules of conduct governing the way of life of Buddhist monks or nuns. |
| Yogacara school | Second major school of thought within Mahayana; aka school of Cittamatra (mind-only) or Vijnanavada (way of consciousness) by Maitreyanatha; ultimate reality is located in the mind only. |
| Zen Buddhism | ‘Meditation’ school started by 6th century Indian monk, Bodhidharma b/c Buddhism became too attached to scriptures & not watching the mind or heart; good for Chinese culture influenced by Taoist philosophy; AKA Chan (Chinese), Zen in Japan. |
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