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What is the largest and strongest tarsal bone?
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Which bone in the foot is a common site for bone spurs?
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Polta test 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the largest and strongest tarsal bone? | Calcaneus |
| Which bone in the foot is a common site for bone spurs? | Calcaneus |
| How is the patient positioned for the Plantodorsal (axial) Calcaneus projection? | Supine or seated with leg extended, foot dorsiflexed so plantar surface is perpendicular to IR. |
| What is the CR angle and placement for the Plantodorsal (axial) Calcaneus projection? | 40 degrees cephalic @ the base of the 3rd metatarsal to emerge @ a level just distal to the lateral malleolus. |
| Is the lateral Calcaneus taken mediolaterally or lateromedially? | Mediolaterally |
| Where is the CR placed for the lateral Calcaneous? | Perpendicular to IR, 1 inch distal to the medial malleolus. |
| How is the patient positioned for the lateral Calcaneous? | Recumbant on side of affected foot, foot dorsiflexed to 90 degrees. |
| What is the weight-bearing bone of the lower leg? | Tibia |
| The articular facets of the proximal tibia are also referred to as what? | Tibial plateau |
| The articular facets slope _________ degrees posteriorly. | 10 - 15 |
| The most proximal aspect of the fibula. | Apex or styloid process. |
| The extreme distal end of the fibula forms what? | The lateral malleolus. |
| What is the patient position for an AP tib/fib? | Supine, pelvis, knee and leg in true AP position, no rotation, dorsiflex foot to 90 degrees if possible. |
| What is the CR placement for an AP tib/fib? | Perpendicular to IR directed to midpoint of leg. |
| What is the SID for an AP tib/fib? | 40 inches; may increase to 44 - 48 inches to include knee and ankle and increase mAs accordingly. |
| How might the IR be positioned in order to include both joints for an AP and lateral tib/fib? | Diagonally. |
| What is the CR placement for an AP tib/fib? | Perpendicular to the IR, directed to the midpoint of the leg. |
| How is the patient positioned for a lateral tib/fib? | Recumbant laying on affected side, rotated so patella is perpendicular to the IR. |
| How is the patient positioned for an AP knee? | Supine with leg fully extended, leg rotated 3-5 degrees internally. |
| Where is the CR positioned for an AP knee? | 1/2 inch distal to the apex of the patella. |
| What is the CR angle for an AP knee? | 5 degrees caudad an aesthenic patient, 0 degrees for sthenic, 5 degrees cephalic for hypersthenic. |
| What is the rotation for the medial and lateral obliques of the knee? | 45 degrees |
| Which oblique of the knee will have the tibia and fibula proximal articulation open? | Medial |
| Which oblique of the knee will have the fibula superimposed over the tibia? | Lateral |
| What is the patient position for a lateral knee? | Recumbant of affected side, affected knee bent 20-30 degrees (unaffected leg behind), knee in true lateral position. |
| What is the CR position and angle for a lateral knee? | 1 inch distal to medial epichondyle and 5-7 degrees cephalic. |
| Which positioning error is present if the distal borders of the femoral condyles are not superimposed on a lateral knee? | Improper angle of the CR |
| Which positioning error is present if the posterior portions of the femoral condyles are not superimposed on a lateral knee? | Over or under-rotation of the knee |
| What are the two PA Axial projections for the intercondylar fossa of the knee (tunnel views)? | Camp-Coventry and Holmblad |
| What is the patient position for the Camp-Coventry method? | Prone, lower leg flexed 40 degrees. |
| What is the CR angle and placement for the Camp-Coventry method? | Perpendicular to long axis of the lower leg, centered to the mid-popliteal crease. |
| What is the patient position for the Holblad method? | On knees, 20-30 degrees from vertical. |
| What is the CR placement for the Holmblad method? | CR perpendicular to IR, centered to mid-popliteal crease. |
| What is the AP axial projection for the intercondylar fossa of the knee (tunnel view)? | Beclere method. |
| What is the patient position for the Beclere method? | Supine, knee flexed 60 degrees. |
| What is the CR placement for the Beclere method? | CR perpendicular to the lower leg, 1/2 inch distal to the apex of the patella. |
| What is the patient position for the PA patella? | Prone with leg extended. |
| What is the CR placement for the PA patella? | perpendicular to the mid-patella @ the popliteal crease. |
| What is the patient position for the lateral patella? | Recumbant on affected side, flex knee 5-10 degrees, true lateral. |
| What is the CR placement for the lateral patella? | Perpendicular to the patello-femoral joint space. |
| What are the 4 tangential projections for the patella? | Merchant bilateral method, Inferosuperior projection (sunrise), Hughston projection, Settegast projection. |
| How much are the knees flexed for the Merchant bilateral method? | 40 degrees. |
| What is the angle and placement for the CR on the Merchant bilateral method? | Angled 30 degrees from horizontal, midway between patellae. |
| What is the patient position for the inferosuperior tangential projection (sunrise) of the patellae? | Patient supine, knees flexed 40-45 degrees. |
| What is the CR angle and placement for the sunrise view? | CR is 10-15 degrees to lower leg, tangential to femoropatellar joint and perpendicular to IR. |
| What is the patient position for the Hughston projection? | Patient prone, with knee flexed 50-60 degrees from horizontal. |
| What is the CR angle and placement for the Hughston projection? | Angle tube 45 degrees, 15-20 degrees to lower leg and tangential to femeropatellar joint. |
| What is the patient position for the Settegast projection? | Patient prone, knee flexed 90 degrees. |
| What is the angle and placement for the CR for the Settegast projection? | CR is 15-20 degrees to the lower leg and tangential to the femeropatellar joint. |
| What is the patient position for the AP distal femur? | Patient supine, leg rotated medially 5 degrees for a true AP knee. |
| What is the patient position for the AP proximal femur? | Patient supine, leg rotated 15 degrees medially so long axis of femoral neck is parallel to IR. |
| How much should the knee be flexed for the lateral distal and proximal femur? | 45 degrees. |
| What is the patient position for the AP pelvis? | Supine, arms on upper chest, legs rotated internally 15 degrees. |
| What is the CR placement for an AP pelvis? | Midway between ASIS and symphysis pubis, or about 2 inches below ASIS at the midsagittal plane. Top of upper border should be about 1-1-1/2 inches above the Iliac Crest. |
| What is the patient position for the AP bilateral "frog leg" Modified Cleaves method? | Patient supine, arms on upper chest, Femora abducted 40 - 45 degrees. |
| What is the CR placement for the modified Cleaves method (bilateral frog leg) | Perpendicular to IR, approximately 3 inches below the level of the ASIS |
| What is the CR angle and placement for the AP axial outlet projection (Taylor Method)? | Males: 20-30 degrees cephalic, Females: 30-45 degrees cephalic, 1-2 inches distal to the symphysis pubis. |
| What is the CR placement and angle for the AP axial Inlet projection? | 40 degrees caudad at the level of the ASIS. |
| What is the patient position and obliquity for the Posterior Oblique - Acetabulum projections (Judet method)? | 45 degrees, both RPO and LPO. |
| What is the central ray placement for the Judet Method? | 2 inches distal and medial to downside ASIS, 2 inches distal to upside ASIS. |
| What is the patient position for the AP Hip? | Supine, arms across upper chest, affected leg rotated internally 15 - 20 degrees. |
| What is the CR placement for an AP hip? | 4 inches distal and 1 inch medial to ASIS, perpendicular to femoral neck. |
| What is the patient position for the unilateral "frog leg" position (modified Cleaves method)? | Supine, flex knee and hip on affected side so sole of foot is against inside of opposite leg at the knee, abduct femur 45 degrees (or more) from vertical. |
| Where is the CR placement for the unilateral "frog leg" position? | perpendicular to the IR at the mid femoral neck. |
| The "cross table" hip is also known as the ___________________ method. | Danelius-Miller |
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